Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
March-2026 Volume 24 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2026 Volume 24 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study

  • Authors:
    • Giovanni Napolitano
    • Ruben Napolitano
    • Raffaella Coppola
    • Angela Ragone
    • Sanober Kafeel
    • Giuseppina Palmiero
    • Angela Lombardi
    • Giovanni Casaretta
    • Rosa Giannatiempo
    • Michele Caraglia
    • Silvio Naviglio
    • Luigi Sapio
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Complex Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, Betania Hospital, 80147 Naples, Italy, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’, 80138 Naples, Italy, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
  • Article Number: 21
    |
    Published online on: February 5, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2930
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Despite the therapeutic breakthroughs achieved over the years, breast cancer (BC) continues to rank as the deadliest tumor among women worldwide. Therefore, prevention and screening programs remain crucial for the successful recovery of patients with BC. Monocyte distribution width (MDW) is a novel hematological parameter provided along with the complete blood count by DxH haematology analyzers. Variations in MDW have been associated with diagnostic and prognostic significance in sepsis, viral infections and other inflammation‑related diseases. However, the potential role of MDW remains largely unknown in malignant disorders, including BC. Using a retrospective approach, patients with BC were included in the present study to examine the MDW levels at diagnosis in relation to controls. MDW was also assessed with respect to the histopathological features of BC. Either Welch's t‑test or Brown‑Forsythe and Welch ANOVA were used to estimate significance, while receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve were used to evaluate the overall performance of MDW in BC. MDW levels were higher in patients with BC than in controls (P<0.0001), while no changes were recorded in the absolute monocytes count. With respect to the histopathological features, an elevated MDW was typically detected in BC presenting as invasive ductal carcinoma (P=0.0002), and expressing either estrogen (P<0.0001) or progesterone receptors (P<0.0001). Higher MDW levels were also observed in patients with BC scoring as grade III, as well as in those presenting lymph node involvement (N1‑3), suggesting a possible association with the progression of BC. Overall, the present retrospective exploratory pilot study proposed MDW as a possible biomarker in BC, indicating future perspectives for the diagnosis, stratification and prognosis of this deadly disease.

View Figures

Figure 1

Evaluation of the MONO# and MDW
levels in patients with BC. Box and whisker plots illustrating the
data distribution of (A) MONO# and (C) MDW in control and BC
samples. Related receiver operating curve analysis is shown for (B)
MONO# and (D) MDW in patients with BC. ****P<0.0001
(Welch's t-test). The Mann-Whitney test was used for MONO# analysis
in (A). The AUC, 95% CI and P-value were determined using the
Wilson/Brown method. AUC, area under the curve; BC, breast cancer;
MDW, monocyte distribution width; MONO#, absolute monocyte
number.

Figure 2

Investigation of the MDW distribution
in patients with BC with different histopathological features. Box
and whisker plots displaying MDW levels in controls and patients
with BC categorized by (A) histologic, (B) molecular subtype, (C)
ER, (D) PR or (E) HER2 status. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001,
****P<0.0001 (Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA). BC,
breast cancer; ER, estrogen receptor; IDC, invasive ductal
carcinoma; ILC, invasive lobular carcinoma; MDW, monocyte
distribution width; PR, progesterone receptor; TNBC,
triple-negative breast cancer.

Figure 3

MDW-related ROC curves in patients
with BC with different histopathological features. ROC curve
analysis reporting the AUC achieved in (A) IDC, (B) Luminal A and
B, (C) ER-positive and (D) PR-positive BC samples. The AUC, 95% CI
and P-value were determined using the Wilson/Brown method. BC,
breast cancer; ER, estrogen receptor; IDC, invasive ductal
carcinoma; MDW, monocyte distribution width; PR, progesterone
receptor; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 4

Assessment of the MDW with respect to
grade, lymph node involvement, LV invasion, and surgery in patients
with BC. Box and whisker plots outlining MDW distribution in
controls and patients with BC grouped by (A) grade, (B) lymph node
involvement, (C) LV invasion and (D) surgery.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01,
****P<0.0001 (Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA). BC,
breast cancer; LV, lymphovascular; MDW, monocyte distribution
width.
View References

1 

Dizon DS and Kamal AH: Cancer statistics 2024: All hands on deck. CA Cancer J Clin. 74:8–9. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, Mafra A, Singh D, Laversanne M, Vignat J, Gralow JR, Cardoso F, Siesling S and Soerjomataram I: Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 66:15–23. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

The Lancet Oncology: Curbing the climb in cancer incidence. Lancet Oncol. 25(529)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Xiong X, Zheng LW, Ding Y, Chen YF, Cai YW, Wang LP, Huang L, Liu CC, Shao ZM and Yu KD: Breast cancer: Pathogenesis and treatments. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 10(49)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Wang J and Wu SG: Breast cancer: An overview of current therapeutic strategies, challenge, and perspectives. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 15:721–730. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Shin J, Kim JY, Oh JM, Lee JE, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Park W, Park YH, Ahn JS and Im YH: Comprehensive clinical characterization of decade-long survivors of metastatic breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 15(4720)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Seale KN and Tkaczuk KHR: Circulating biomarkers in breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 22:e319–e331. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X and Zhao Y: Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 9(132)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Moar K, Pant A, Saini V, Pandey M and Maurya PK: Potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer: A compiled review. Pathol Res Pract. 251(154893)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Varzaru VB, Eftenoiu AE, Vlad DC, Vlad CS, Moatar AE, Popescu R and Cobec IM: The influence of tumor-specific markers in breast cancer on other blood parameters. Life (Basel). 14(458)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Lopez-Gonzalez L, Sanchez Cendra A, Sanchez Cendra C, Roberts Cervantes ED, Espinosa JC, Pekarek T, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Rodriguez-Slocker AM, Jiménez-Álvarez L, et al: Exploring biomarkers in breast cancer: Hallmarks of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in clinical practice. Medicina (Kaunas). 60(168)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Agnello L, Ciaccio AM, Vidali M, Cortegiani A, Biundo G, Gambino CM, Scazzone C, Lo Sasso B and Ciaccio M: Monocyte distribution width (MDW) in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 548(117511)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Ligi D, Lo Sasso B, Henry BM, Ciaccio M, Lippi G, Plebani M and Mannello F: Deciphering the role of monocyte and monocyte distribution width (MDW) in COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 61:960–973. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Malinovska A, Hernried B, Lin AD, Badaki-Makun O, Fenstermacher K, Ervin AM, Ehrhardt S, Levin S and Hinson JS: Monocyte distribution width as a diagnostic marker for infection a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 164:101–113. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Wu J, Li L and Luo J: Diagnostic and prognostic value of monocyte distribution width in sepsis. J Inflamm Res. 15:4107–4117. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Cusinato M, Sivayoham N and Planche T: Sensitivity and specificity of monocyte distribution width (MDW) in detecting patients with infection and sepsis in patients on sepsis pathway in the emergency department. Infection. 51:715–727. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Agnello L, Ciaccio AM, Ben FD, Gambino CM, Scazzone C, Giglia A, Biundo G, Cortegiani A, Sasso BL and Ciaccio M: Clinical usefulness of presepsin and monocyte distribution width (MDW) kinetic for predicting mortality in critically ill patients in intensive care unit. Front Med (Lausanne). 11(1393843)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Agnello L, Ciaccio AM, Del Ben F, Lo Sasso B, Biundo G, Giglia A, Giglio RV, Cortegiani A, Gambino CM and Ciaccio M: Monocyte distribution width (MDW) kinetic for monitoring sepsis in intensive care unit. Diagnosis (Berl). 11:422–429. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Lin S, Yang X, Yang X, Tang M, Yao X, Ye Y, Huang Q, Huang J, Li J, Yi Q, et al: Monocyte distribution width as a promising biomarker for differential diagnosis of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 15(1406671)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Jaroensri R, Wulczyn E, Hegde N, Brown T, Flament-Auvigne I, Tan F, Cai Y, Nagpal K, Rakha EA, Dabbs DJ, et al: Deep learning models for histologic grading of breast cancer and association with disease prognosis. NPJ Breast Cancer. 8(113)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Brierley J, O'Sullivan B, Asamura H, Byrd D, Huang SH, Lee A, Piñeros M, Mason M, Moraes FY, Rösler W, et al: Global consultation on cancer staging: Promoting consistent understanding and use. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 16:763–771. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Houvenaeghel G, Cohen M, Classe JM, Reyal F, Mazouni C, Chopin N, Martinez A, Daraï E, Coutant C, Colombo PE, et al: Lymphovascular invasion has a significant prognostic impact in patients with early breast cancer, results from a large, national, multicenter, retrospective cohort study. ESMO Open. 6(100316)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Nishimura R, Osako T, Okumura Y, Nakano M, Ohtsuka H, Fujisue M and Arima N: An evaluation of lymphovascular invasion in relation to biology and prognosis according to subtypes in invasive breast cancer. Oncol Lett. 24(245)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Emanuelle Pereira Santos V, Luiz de Franca Neto P, Eda de Oliveira Isidio B, Henrique Bezerra Fontes P, Andrêssa de Moura I, Isabel Santos Cruz B, Máyra Gois de Sousa M, Luana Dos Santos D, de França São Marcos B, Sousa de Pinho S, et al: An overview about biomarkers in breast cancer: Insights into the diagnostic and prognostic significance. Clin Chim Acta. 567(120030)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Zhang H, Hussin H, Hoh CC, Cheong SH, Lee WK and Yahaya BH: Big data in breast cancer: Towards precision treatment. Digit Health. 10(20552076241293695)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Kinnel B, Singh SK, Oprea-Ilies G and Singh R: Targeted therapy and mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 15(1320)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Pedersen RN, Esen BO, Mellemkjaer L, Christiansen P, Ejlertsen B, Lash TL, Nørgaard M and Cronin-Fenton D: The incidence of breast cancer recurrence 10-32 years after primary diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 114:391–399. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Adrada BE, Moseley TW, Kapoor MM, Scoggins ME, Patel MM, Perez F, Nia ES, Khazai L, Arribas E, Rauch GM and Guirguis MS: Triple-negative breast cancer: Histopathologic features, genomics, and treatment. Radiographics. 43(e230034)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Manjunath M and Choudhary B: Triple-negative breast cancer: A run-through of features, classification and current therapies (Review). Oncol Lett. 22(512)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Liu Y, Wang R, Zhong S, Qian L and Wang D: Monocyte distribution width as an early predictor of short-term outcome in adult patients with sepsis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 62:562–571. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

de Hond AAH, Steyerberg EW and van Calster B: Interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Lancet Digit Health. 4:e853–e855. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Li D, Ju F, Wang H, Fan C, Jacob JC, Gul S, Zaliani A, Wartmann T, Polidori MC, Bruns CJ and Zhao Y: Combination of the biomarkers for aging and cancer?-Challenges and current status. Transl Oncol. 38(101783)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Zhang Y, Zhong F and Liu L: Single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 26(129)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Huang XQ, Cao JS and Zu XY: Tumor-associated macrophages: An important player in breast cancer progression. Thorac Cancer. 13:269–276. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Arwert EN, Harney AS, Entenberg D, Wang Y, Sahai E, Pollard JW and Condeelis JS: A unidirectional transition from migratory to perivascular macrophage is required for tumor cell intravasation. Cell Rep. 23:1239–1248. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Munir MT, Kay MK, Kang MH, Rahman MM, Al-Harrasi A, Choudhury M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Hussain F and Rahman SM: Tumor-Associated macrophages as multifaceted regulators of breast tumor growth. Int J Mol Sci. 22(6526)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Pan Y, Yu Y, Wang X and Zhang T: Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immunity. Front Immunol. 11(583084)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Komohara Y, Kurotaki D, Tsukamoto H, Miyasato Y, Yano H, Pan C, Yamamoto Y and Fujiwara Y: Involvement of protumor macrophages in breast cancer progression and characterization of macrophage phenotypes. Cancer Sci. 114:2220–2229. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

In J: Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 70:601–605. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Kunselman AR: A brief overview of pilot studies and their sample size justification. Fertil Steril. 121:899–901. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Totton N, Lin J, Julious S, Chowdhury M and Brand A: A review of sample sizes for UK pilot and feasibility studies on the ISRCTN registry from 2013 to 2020. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 9(188)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Teresi JA, Yu X, Stewart AL and Hays RD: Guidelines for designing and evaluating feasibility pilot studies. Med Care. 60:95–103. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Cocks K and Torgerson DJ: Sample size calculations for pilot randomized trials: A confidence interval approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 66:197–201. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT). ISTAT, Rome, 2025. Accessed on July 3, 2025. https://www.istat.it/en/.

45 

Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM). AIOM, Mila, 2025. Accessed on July 3, 2025. https://www.aiom.it/en/.

46 

Naing L, Nordin RB, Abdul Rahman H and Naing YT: Sample size calculation for prevalence studies using Scalex and ScalaR calculators. BMC Med Res Methodol. 22(209)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Kralovcova M, Müller J, Hajsmanova Z, Sigutova P, Bultasova L, Palatova J and Matejovic M: Understanding the value of monocyte distribution width (MDW) in acutely ill medical patients presenting to the emergency department: A prospective single center evaluation. Sci Rep. 14(152555)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

García-Álvarez A, Posada Franco Y, Martinez-Novillo González M, Hernández Álvarez E, Serrano García I and Sanz-Casla MT: Monocyte distribution width (MDW): Study of reference values in blood donors. Clin Chem Lab Med. 62:1133–1137. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Napolitano G, Napolitano R, Coppola R, Ragone A, Kafeel S, Palmiero G, Lombardi A, Casaretta G, Giannatiempo R, Caraglia M, Caraglia M, et al: Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study. Mol Clin Oncol 24: 21, 2026.
APA
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G. ... Sapio, L. (2026). Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 24, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2930
MLA
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G., Lombardi, A., Casaretta, G., Giannatiempo, R., Caraglia, M., Naviglio, S., Sapio, L."Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24.3 (2026): 21.
Chicago
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G., Lombardi, A., Casaretta, G., Giannatiempo, R., Caraglia, M., Naviglio, S., Sapio, L."Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24, no. 3 (2026): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2930
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Napolitano G, Napolitano R, Coppola R, Ragone A, Kafeel S, Palmiero G, Lombardi A, Casaretta G, Giannatiempo R, Caraglia M, Caraglia M, et al: Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study. Mol Clin Oncol 24: 21, 2026.
APA
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G. ... Sapio, L. (2026). Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 24, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2930
MLA
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G., Lombardi, A., Casaretta, G., Giannatiempo, R., Caraglia, M., Naviglio, S., Sapio, L."Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24.3 (2026): 21.
Chicago
Napolitano, G., Napolitano, R., Coppola, R., Ragone, A., Kafeel, S., Palmiero, G., Lombardi, A., Casaretta, G., Giannatiempo, R., Caraglia, M., Naviglio, S., Sapio, L."Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24, no. 3 (2026): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2930
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team