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Review

Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yang Yang
    • Yingzheng Ren
    • Tian Ma
    • Junjie An
    • Shuai Jin
    • Yonghong Dong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 40
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    Published online on: April 3, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2949
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Abstract

Gastrointestinal tumors are common malignant tumors of the digestive system, which globally threaten human health. Notably, it has been discovered that blood and other circulating body fluids are not completely sterile; instead, they harbor complex and dynamic microbial DNA and signatures [circulating microorganisms (CM)]. These microorganisms primarily originate from the microbial translocation (including bacterial fragments, DNA and metabolites) through a compromised intestinal barrier, and are closely associated with the initiation and progression of gastrointestinal tumors, thus providing novel perspectives for early tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Although there is currently no evidence that CM can directly cause cancer, their metabolites and exosomes may contribute to tumor microenvironment remodeling. On one hand, they activate pattern recognition and inflammatory signaling pathways, such as Toll‑like receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription, potentially inducing and maintaining low‑grade chronic inflammation. On the other hand, they may facilitate immune evasion, potentially promoting the ‘inflammation‑cancer’ transition. With the development of metagenomic technologies and the maturation of next‑generation high‑throughput sequencing technologies, CM have shown potential as liquid biopsy biomarkers for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors. Interventions targeting specific CMs have also shown prospects for enhancing efficacy in early clinical trials. However, the field still faces numerous challenges, including insufficient depth of mechanistic validation and a lack of standardized detection protocols. Future efforts should aim to conduct further systematic research to clarify the biological functions and clinical translational value of CM in gastrointestinal tumors.
View Figures

Figure 1

Mechanistic pathways of CMS in
gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. CMS, circulating microbial
signatures. CMS, circulating microbial signatures; CM, circulating
microorganisms; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; LPS,
lipopolysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; IRAK4, IL-1
receptor-associated kinase 4; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor
6; TAK1, TGF-β-activated kinase 1; IKK, IκB kinase; STAT3, signal
transducer and activator of transcription 3; APOBEC, apolipoprotein
B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide
synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen
species; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; EMT,
epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ZEB1, zinc finger E-box binding
homeobox 1; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; FXR, farnesoid X
receptor; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; AhR, aryl
hydrocarbon receptor; miR, microRNA; PDCD4, programmed cell death
4.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Y, Ren Y, Ma T, An J, Jin S and Dong Y: Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 24: 40, 2026.
APA
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., & Dong, Y. (2026). Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 24, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2949
MLA
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., Dong, Y."Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24.6 (2026): 40.
Chicago
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., Dong, Y."Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24, no. 6 (2026): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2949
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Yang Y, Ren Y, Ma T, An J, Jin S and Dong Y: Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 24: 40, 2026.
APA
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., & Dong, Y. (2026). Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 24, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2949
MLA
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., Dong, Y."Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24.6 (2026): 40.
Chicago
Yang, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, T., An, J., Jin, S., Dong, Y."Research advances in the role of circulating microorganisms in gastrointestinal tumors (Review)". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 24, no. 6 (2026): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2949
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