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Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells in vitro

  • Authors:
    • Kaoru Nishide
    • Shun Yamamuro
    • Yumi Aida
    • Yoshinari Ozawa
    • Emiko Sano
    • Atsuo Yoshino
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173‑8610, Japan
    Copyright: © Nishide et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 56
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    Published online on: July 21, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2965
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Abstract

Glioblastoma cells strongly express the tryptophan‑metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which is important in enabling immune evasion. Notably, glioma stem‑like cells (GSCs) express higher levels of IDO1 than differentiated glioblastoma cells (DGCs); therefore, it was hypothesized that IDO1 inhibition in GSCs may induce differentiation. The present study used the glioblastoma cell line U‑87MG, and newly established GSC lines 0125‑GSC and 0222‑GSC. A model GSC line, Rev‑U‑87MG, was created by culturing U‑87MG in serum‑free medium. Rev‑U‑87MG‑IDO(‑) was generated by continuous treatment with an IDO1 inhibitor. The DGC lines 0125‑DGC and 0222‑DGC were derived by culturing 0125‑GSC and 0222‑GSC in serum‑containing medium. IDO1‑inhibited GSC lines 0125‑GSC‑IDO(‑) and 0222‑GSC‑IDO(‑) were generated by continuous IDO1 inhibitor exposure. The expression levels of IDO1 and stem cell markers (Nestin, Nanog and Sox2) were measured by western blotting, and temozolomide sensitivity was evaluated by cell counting. Notably, U‑87MG, 0125‑DGC and 0222‑DGC adhered without sphere formation. By contrast, Rev‑U‑87MG, 0125‑GSC and 0222‑GSC formed spheres, whereas IDO1‑inhibited cells showed partial adhesion with reduced sphere formation. IDO1 and stem cell marker expression were reduced in all IDO1‑inhibited cell lines. Rev‑U‑87MG exhibited decreased temozolomide sensitivity compared with U‑87MG, whereas Rev‑U‑87MG‑IDO(‑) showed increased sensitivity. Similarly, 0125‑DGC and 0222‑DGC were more sensitive than their parent GSC lines, and 0125‑GSC‑IDO(‑) and 0222‑GSC‑IDO(‑) also exhibited enhanced drug sensitivity compared with their parent GSC lines at multiple concentrations. These findings suggest that IDO1 inhibition may induce the differentiation of GSCs and reduce their resistance to temozolomide.
View Figures

Figure 1

Morphology and cell adherence in each
cell line. (A) Morphology of the cell lines used in this study. Top
row shows the commercially available human glioblastoma cell line
U-87MG (left), and the derived lines Rev-U-87MG (center) and
Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-) (right). Rev-U-87MG was generated by culturing
U-87MG in serum-free medium for 2 weeks and formed spheres.
Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-) was established by culturing Rev-U-87MG with 10
µM 1-methyl-L-tryptophan added at each passage for 2 weeks and
formed smaller spheres. Middle and bottom rows show newly
established glioma stem-like cell lines 0125-GSC/0222-GSC (center),
and their derived lines 0125-DGC/0222-DGC (left) and
0125-GSC-IDO(-)/0222-GSC-IDO(-) (right). 0125-DGC and 0222-DGC were
generated by culturing 0125-GSC and 0222-GSC in serum-containing
medium for 2 weeks, and adhered to the culture dish with no sphere
formation. 0125-GSC-IDO(-) and 0222-GSC-IDO(-) were established by
culturing 0125-GSC and 0222-GSC with 10 µM 1-methyl-L-tryptophan at
each passage for 2 weeks, resulting in reduced sphere formation.
Scale bars=0.1 µm. (B) Number of adherent cells in each cell line.
Compared to Rev-U-87MG (top), 0125-GSC (middle), and 0222-GSC
(bottom), the number of adherent cells was significantly increased
in Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-) (top), 0125-GSC-IDO(-) (middle), and
0222-GSC-IDO(-) (bottom). Cells were cultured in 10-cm dishes.
After removal of floating cells, adherent cells were detached using
trypsin and counted with a Z1 Coulter Counter® (Beckman
Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). **P<0.01. DGC,
differentiated glioblastoma cell; GSC, glioma stem-like cell; IDO1,
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1.

Figure 2

Western blot analysis of protein
expression of (A) IDO1, (B) stem cell markers Sox2 (top), Nanog
(upper middle) and Nestin (lower middle), and (C) astrocyte marker
GFAP in each cell line. (A) Compared to glioma stem-like cell lines
Rev-U-87MG, 0125-GSC, and 0222-GSC, IDO1 expression was
significantly reduced in the IDO1-inhibited cell lines
Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-), 0125-GSC-IDO(-), and 0222-GSC-IDO(-).
*P<0.05. (B) Similarly, expression of the stem cell
markers Sox2, Nanog, and Nestin was significantly decreased in
Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-), 0125-GSC-IDO(-), and 0222-GSC-IDO(-) compared to
their respective stem cell-like glioma cell lines.
*P<0.05; **P<0.01. (C) Conversely,
expression of the astrocyte marker GFAP was significantly increased
in Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-), 0125-GSC-IDO(-), and 0222-GSC-IDO(-) compared
to their respective stem cell-like glioma cell lines.
*P<0.05; **P<0.01. GSC, glioma
stem-like cell; IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1.

Figure 3

Drug sensitivity to temozolomide was
evaluated in each cell line. A total of 1x104 cells were
seeded into 10-cm dishes, and the medium was replaced with fresh
medium containing varying concentrations of temozolomide 24 h
later. After 72 h, cells were harvested and counted using a (A-C)
Z1 Coulter Counter or analyzed using (D) Cell Counting Kit-8. (A)
Rev-U-87MG exhibited significant reduction of sensitivity for
temozolomide compared to U-87MG at 1 and 10 µM. Rev-U-87MG-IDO(-)
showed significant increase of sensitivity for temozolomide
compared to Rev-U-87MG at 100 µM. *P<0.05;
**P<0.01. (B) 0125-DGC exhibited significant
sensitivity for temozolomide compared to 0125-GSC at 0.1, 1, 10,
and 100 µM. 0125-GSC-IDO(-) showed significant sensitivity for
temozolomide compared to 0125-GSC at 10 and 100 µM.
**P<0.01. (C) 0222-DGC exhibited significant
sensitivity for temozolomide compared to 0222-GSC at 0.1 and 1 µM.
0222-GSC-IDO(-) showed significant sensitivity for temozolomide
compared to 0222-GSC at 0.1, 1, and 100 µM.*P<0.05;
**P<0.01. (D) 0125-GSC-IDO(-) showed significant
sensitivity for temozolomide compared to 0125-GSC at 1, 100, and
1,000 µM. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. GSC,
glioma stem-like cell; IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1.
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Nishide K, Yamamuro S, Aida Y, Ozawa Y, Sano E and Yoshino A: Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>. Mol Clin Oncol 25: 56, 2026.
APA
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., & Yoshino, A. (2026). Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 25, 56. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2965
MLA
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., Yoshino, A."Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 25.3 (2026): 56.
Chicago
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., Yoshino, A."Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 25, no. 3 (2026): 56. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2965
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Nishide K, Yamamuro S, Aida Y, Ozawa Y, Sano E and Yoshino A: Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>. Mol Clin Oncol 25: 56, 2026.
APA
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., & Yoshino, A. (2026). Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 25, 56. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2965
MLA
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., Yoshino, A."Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 25.3 (2026): 56.
Chicago
Nishide, K., Yamamuro, S., Aida, Y., Ozawa, Y., Sano, E., Yoshino, A."Differentiation therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 1 in glioblastoma cells <em>in vitro</em>". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 25, no. 3 (2026): 56. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2965
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