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Article Open Access

Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors

  • Authors:
    • Laura Dina Mitrečić
    • Eliana Eunjoo Park
    • Aya El‑Hajj
    • Dinko Mitrečić
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory for Stem Cells, Department of Regenerative Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR‑10000 Zagreb, Croatia
    Copyright: © Mitrečić et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 53
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    Published online on: July 16, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.252
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Abstract

The present study investigated the effects of temperature modulation on neural precursors at various developmental stages. A well‑proven neural stem cell model was employed and cells were exposed to hypothermia (32, 30 and 28˚C) and hyperthermia (39˚C) for periods of time. While deviations from the physiological temperature (37˚C) affected cell survival and generally reduced cell numbers, a distinct response was observed in late‑stage precursors (day 14). Mild hypothermia (32˚C) at this stage preserved cell viability and increased the expression of Nestin, a marker of immature neuronal cells, while decreasing expression of the Map2, a marker of mature neurons. These combined findings suggest a potential dedifferentiation process and an enhanced regenerative capacity. Additionally, the levels of genes associated with cell adhesion, migration and differentiation (Ncam1 and Itgb1) were upregulated by mild hypothermia at day 14. On the whole, these findings highlight the differential response of neural precursors to temperature and suggest that hypothermia timing may be crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies in neonatal brain injury.
View Figures

Figure 1

(A) Number of neural precursors
measured at the time points of 2, 7 and 14 days, after 48 h of
exposure to various temperatures. While exposure to hypothermia and
hyperthermia decreased the number of early (D2) and mid-term
precursors (D7), compared to the normothermia group, such effects
were not so visible in the late precursors (D12-D14), when mild
hypothermia (32˚C) was compared to normothermia. (B) Detailed
graphs with values and standard deviations for every time point and
every temperature. D, day.

Figure 2

Comparison of single measurements of
number of neural precursors for (A) early, (B) mid-term and (C)
late-term neural precursors. It is notable that any change in the
temperature for culture for 48 h significantly decreased the number
of cells, apart from 12-14-day-old precursors exposed to mild
hypothermia. ****P<0.0001.

Figure 3

(A and B) Immunohistochemical staining
of neural stem cells in three stages of differentiation: Days 1, 7
and 14, exposed to a normal temperature (37˚C; indicated by ‘N’)
and to hypothermia (32˚C; indicated by ‘H’). The panels on the left
represent DAPI, while those in the middle represent (A) Nestin and
(B) Map2. The panels on the right represent the merged image. It is
visible that on day 1, Nestin is strongly expressed in both
normothermic and hypothermic conditions. On day 7, the Nestin
signal is weaker, but hypothermia does not influence it in any
notable manner. The most notable finding can be seen on day 14
[compare D14N and D14H in (A)]: While in normal conditions Nestin
was almost completely absent, hypothermia re-established the
expression of Nestin. The opposite is visible with the expression
of Map2, which is reduced in hypothermia on day 14 [compare D14N
and D14H in (B)]. Scale bars, 100 µm.

Figure 4

Quantification of immunohistochemical
signals of (A-C) Nestin and (D-F) Map2. The most notable finding is
shown on day 14: While mild hypothermia increased the expression of
Nestin (C), the expression of Map2 was decreased at the same time
point (F) *P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001.
Map2, microtubule-associated protein 2.

Figure 5

Expression of (A) Ncam1, (B) Itgb1
and (C) Cdh2 at days 2, 7 and 14, in five different temperature
conditions. (A) When compared to normothermia, it noteworthy that
an increase in Ncam expression was observed following exposure to
mild hypothermia on day 14. (B) A similar finding, including on day
7 as well, was found for Itgb1. (C) Cdh2 expression exhibited a
different pattern, with an increase in its expression observed only
on day 7 when the cells were exposed to 30˚C.
*P<0.01. Ncam, Neural cell adhesion molecule 1;
Itgb1, integrin beta-1; Cdh2, cadherin-2.
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Spandidos Publications style
Mitrečić LD, Park EE, El‑Hajj A and Mitrečić D: Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors. Med Int 5: 53, 2025.
APA
Mitrečić, L.D., Park, E.E., El‑Hajj, A., & Mitrečić, D. (2025). Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors. Medicine International, 5, 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.252
MLA
Mitrečić, L. D., Park, E. E., El‑Hajj, A., Mitrečić, D."Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors". Medicine International 5.5 (2025): 53.
Chicago
Mitrečić, L. D., Park, E. E., El‑Hajj, A., Mitrečić, D."Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors". Medicine International 5, no. 5 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.252
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Mitrečić LD, Park EE, El‑Hajj A and Mitrečić D: Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors. Med Int 5: 53, 2025.
APA
Mitrečić, L.D., Park, E.E., El‑Hajj, A., & Mitrečić, D. (2025). Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors. Medicine International, 5, 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.252
MLA
Mitrečić, L. D., Park, E. E., El‑Hajj, A., Mitrečić, D."Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors". Medicine International 5.5 (2025): 53.
Chicago
Mitrečić, L. D., Park, E. E., El‑Hajj, A., Mitrečić, D."Mild hypothermia enhances regenerative gene expression in late‑stage neural precursors". Medicine International 5, no. 5 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.252
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