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Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ioannis N. Mammas
    • Michalis Agrafiotis
    • Aikaterini Kazani
    • Chryssie Koutsaftiki
    • Alexia Papatheodoropoulou
    • Simon B. Drysdale
    • Maria Theodoridou
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Cardiothoracic Surgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU), ‘Georgios Papanikolaou’ General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Exochi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital of Chalkida, Chalkida 34100, Euboea, Greece, COVID‑19 Reference Centre, ‘Rafina’ Health Care Centre, 19009 Rafina, Greece, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece, Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK, First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece
    Copyright: © Mammas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 60
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    Published online on: August 8, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.259
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Abstract

The post‑coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) era calls for a comprehensive analysis of the recent COVID‑19 pandemic to extract important lessons for the international scientific community for the improvement of its readiness towards future pandemic threats and challenges. The present review article presents key aspects of the COVID‑19 pandemic, with the main topics covered being the following: i) The recent advances in intensive care, focusing particularly on high flow nasal oxygen therapy; ii) COVID‑19 and politics; and iii) COVID‑19 and science communication. Both medical aspects of the COVID‑19 pandemic as well as non‑medical issues, including politics and science communication, should be further evaluated and be definitely included in future medical educational programs, worldwide.
View Figures

Figure 1

Global distribution of SARS-CoV-2.
Confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths up to 2025, as estimated by the
World Health Organization (WHO), by world continent (North America,
South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania). SARS-CoV-2, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease
2019.
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Spandidos Publications style
Mammas IN, Agrafiotis M, Kazani A, Koutsaftiki C, Papatheodoropoulou A, Drysdale SB, Theodoridou M and Spandidos DA: Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review). Med Int 5: 60, 2025.
APA
Mammas, I.N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S.B. ... Spandidos, D.A. (2025). Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review). Medicine International, 5, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.259
MLA
Mammas, I. N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S. B., Theodoridou, M., Spandidos, D. A."Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review)". Medicine International 5.5 (2025): 60.
Chicago
Mammas, I. N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S. B., Theodoridou, M., Spandidos, D. A."Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 5 (2025): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.259
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Spandidos Publications style
Mammas IN, Agrafiotis M, Kazani A, Koutsaftiki C, Papatheodoropoulou A, Drysdale SB, Theodoridou M and Spandidos DA: Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review). Med Int 5: 60, 2025.
APA
Mammas, I.N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S.B. ... Spandidos, D.A. (2025). Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review). Medicine International, 5, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.259
MLA
Mammas, I. N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S. B., Theodoridou, M., Spandidos, D. A."Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review)". Medicine International 5.5 (2025): 60.
Chicago
Mammas, I. N., Agrafiotis, M., Kazani, A., Koutsaftiki, C., Papatheodoropoulou, A., Drysdale, S. B., Theodoridou, M., Spandidos, D. A."Key lessons from the COVID‑19 pandemic: Role of intensive care, politics and science communication (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 5 (2025): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.259
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