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Case Report Open Access

Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report

  • Authors:
    • Hugo Alberto Roblero López
    • Luisa Fernanda Montemayor Burrola
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine, General Regional Hospital No. 1, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31203, Mexico
    Copyright: © Roblero López et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 73
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    Published online on: October 1, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.272
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Abstract

Intestinal tuberculosis is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often presenting with non‑specific symptoms that delay diagnosis, even in immunocompetent individuals. This case report describes the clinical course, diagnostic workup and surgical findings of an immunocompetent adult male who developed intestinal tuberculosis with perforation. The present study reports the case of a 39‑year‑old male patient with a history of smoking, alcohol consumption, occasional cannabis consumption, poor hygienic practices and a family history of tuberculosis, who developed progressive chronic abdominal pain and significant weight loss. An initial evaluation revealed signs of acute abdomen and cavitary pulmonary lesions. An exploratory laparotomy uncovered an intestinal perforation with caseating granulomas. Histopathological analysis confirmed tuberculosis enteritis with perforation, and anti‑tuberculosis therapy was treated with a standard anti‑tuberculosis regimen including isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. The case presented herein underscores the need for the consideration of abdominal tuberculosis in patients with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly in endemic regions and among individuals with atypical risk factors. It also highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by delayed recognition, exacerbated by the COVID‑19 pandemic, and the critical need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and adherence to prophylactic treatment in exposed individuals. A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical, radiological and histopathological tools proved essential for accurate diagnosis and comprehensive management.
View Figures

Figure 1

Non-contrast CT scan of the chest and
abdomen: (A) Chest CT illustrating a cavitary lesion in the right
upper lobe with central consolidation, intralesional air, multiple
areas of increased attenuation and regions of ground-glass opacity
with heterogeneous distribution, findings consistent with active
pulmonary tuberculosis. (B) Axial CT scan demonstrating marked
mural thickening and luminal narrowing of small bowel loops, with
adjacent mesenteric fat stranding suggestive of active
inflammation. Multiple enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with a
hypodense center (characteristic of caseating necrosis) are
visualized, consistent with tuberculous lymphadenitis. (C) Coronal
abdominal CT scan illustrating multiple dilated small bowel loops
with heterogeneous wall thickening, suggestive of inflammatory or
infectious involvement. Notably, there is the presence of free
intraperitoneal air adjacent to the left flank, indicative of a
perforated viscus. Several mesenteric lymph nodes appear enlarged,
consistent with reactive or granulomatous lymphadenopathy. These
radiologic features are consistent with advanced abdominal
tuberculosis complicated by intestinal perforation. CT, computed
tomography.

Figure 2

Macroscopic images of the resected
intestinal segment. (A) A segment of the resected small intestine
with focal mucosal ulceration and yellowish discoloration
suggestive of caseating necrosis (black circle) is presented. The
mucosal folds appear thickened, with evident loss of normal
architecture in the affected area, indicative of localized
granulomatous inflammation. (B) A more extensive segment is
observed with diffuse mucosal thickening and multiple areas of
yellowish exudate, consistent with widespread caseation (black
circle). The transmural involvement and rigidity of the intestinal
wall suggest chronic inflammation with possible fibrosis.
View References

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Spandidos Publications style
Roblero López HA and Montemayor Burrola LF: Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report. Med Int 5: 73, 2025.
APA
Roblero López, H.A., & Montemayor Burrola, L.F. (2025). Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report. Medicine International, 5, 73. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.272
MLA
Roblero López, H. A., Montemayor Burrola, L. F."Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 73.
Chicago
Roblero López, H. A., Montemayor Burrola, L. F."Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 73. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.272
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Roblero López HA and Montemayor Burrola LF: Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report. Med Int 5: 73, 2025.
APA
Roblero López, H.A., & Montemayor Burrola, L.F. (2025). Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report. Medicine International, 5, 73. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.272
MLA
Roblero López, H. A., Montemayor Burrola, L. F."Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 73.
Chicago
Roblero López, H. A., Montemayor Burrola, L. F."Intestinal tuberculosis with perforation in an immunocompetent adult presenting with chronic abdominal pain: A case report". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 73. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.272
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