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Review Open Access

Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Saikat Fakir
    • Md Matiur Rahman Sarker
    • Madan Sigdel
    • Nektarios Barabutis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
    Copyright: © Fakir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 77
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    Published online on: October 22, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.276
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Abstract

Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates growth and development. Abnormal levels of GH have been associated with a diverse variety of disorders affecting life quality and longevity; including dwarfism, acromegaly, gigantism and cancer. Based on the fact that growth hormone‑releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin exert opposing effects on the regulation of GH, GHRH antagonists (GHRHAnts) and synthetic somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have been developed to alleviate GH‑related illness. The present study provides information on the multifaceted role of GH in human health and disease. Furthermore, it summarizes recent findings on the protective effects of GHRHAnts and FDA‑approved SSAs, such as octreotide, lanreotide and pasireotide, in GH‑related and endothelium‑dependent dysfunctions. Based on the provided bibliography, an emerging body of evidence suggests that GH modulators may represent a promising therapeutic possibility towards blood brain barrier dysregulation, keratitis, direct and indirect lung injury, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
View Figures

Figure 1

Involvement of GHRH and SST in
endothelial barrier regulation and disease. GHRH regulates the
secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn
induces IGF-1, inflammation and barrier dysfunction. SST
counteracts GH-induced inflammation and activates ATF6 to support
cytoskeletal integrity and ameliorate endothelium-dependent
disorders (e.g. sepsis, ARDS and keratitis). GHRH, growth
hormone-releasing hormone; SST, somatostatin; GH, growth hormone;
IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; ATF6, activating transcription
factor 6; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; SSTR,
somatostatin receptor; SSA, synthetic somatostatin analog.
View References

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Spandidos Publications style
Fakir S, Sarker M, Sigdel M and Barabutis N: Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review). Med Int 5: 77, 2025.
APA
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., & Barabutis, N. (2025). Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review). Medicine International, 5, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.276
MLA
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., Barabutis, N."Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review)". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 77.
Chicago
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., Barabutis, N."Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.276
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fakir S, Sarker M, Sigdel M and Barabutis N: Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review). Med Int 5: 77, 2025.
APA
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., & Barabutis, N. (2025). Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review). Medicine International, 5, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.276
MLA
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., Barabutis, N."Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review)". Medicine International 5.6 (2025): 77.
Chicago
Fakir, S., Sarker, M., Sigdel, M., Barabutis, N."Growth hormone in disease and treatment (Review)". Medicine International 5, no. 6 (2025): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2025.276
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