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Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker

  • Authors:
    • Gauri Vilas Patil
    • Jaideep Mahendra
    • Deepa Ponnaiyan
    • Rajan Krishna Kumar
    • Sakthivel Kannan
    • Aarudra Devi Jeyaganesh
    • Kaustubh Suresh Thakare
    • Bawatharani Maharavi
    • Aisvarya Naagendran
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600069, India, Department of Periodontics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Dental College Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600089, India, Department of Periodontics, Vidarbha Youth Welfare Society's Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
    Copyright: © Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 23
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    Published online on: March 4, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.307
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Abstract

The present systematic review and meta‑analysis assessed the clinical utility of lactoferrin as a biomarker for periodontitis by evaluating its association with established periodontal parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival index (GI). The PICOS question was: ‘Are lactoferrin levels different between individuals with periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls, and are these levels associated with disease severity and established clinical periodontal indicators, supporting their role as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for periodontitis?’. The present meta‑analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses guidelines and was formally registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251003457). A total of 384 articles were initially identified through various databases, from which 15 studies were selected. A random‑effects model was applied to analyse lactoferrin concentration in saliva, serum and gingival crevicular fluid in relation to periodontitis and its periodontal parameters, using standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity and potential publication bias were examined through statistical methods, including funnel plots, forest plots, Egger's regression analysis, and Begg's rank correlation test. From the initial pool of 384 studies, 15 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the present meta‑analysis, comprising a total of 798 participants (496 patients with periodontitis and 302 healthy controls). The combined SMD was 2.630 (P=<0.010; 95% CI: 1.140‑11.180), demonstrating a significant link between elevated lactoferrin levels and periodontitis compared with the controls. Egger's regression test produced a t‑statistic of ‑0.646 (P=0.529), reflecting a lack of significant evidence for publication bias. In addition, there was a significant association between lactoferrin concentration and periodontal indicators such as PPD, CAL and GI. In conclusion, lactoferrin showed potential as a biomarker for periodontal disease, with elevated levels consistently linked to its presence and disease severity. However, significant variability in reported levels across studies and a lack of methodological standardization currently limit its diagnostic reliability.
View Figures

Figure 1

Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart depicting the study
selection process.

Figure 2

Forest plot illustrating the
association of lactoferrin with periodontitis. Odds ratio values
are shown as squares, and the horizontal lines represent the 95% CI
for each study. CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3

Forest plot depicting the association
between lactoferrin concentrations and probing pocket depth as a
clinical periodontal parameter. Odds ratio values are shown as
squares, and the horizontal lines represent the 95% CI for each
study. CI, confidence interval.

Figure 4

Forest plot showing the association
between lactoferrin concentration and clinical attachment loss as a
clinical periodontal parameter. Odds ratio values are shown as
squares, and the horizontal lines represent the 95% CI for each
study. CI, confidence interval.

Figure 5

Forest plot depicting the association
between lactoferrin concentration and gingival index as a clinical
periodontal parameter. Odds ratio values are shown as squares, and
the horizontal lines represent the 95% CI for each study. CI,
confidence interval.

Figure 6

Funnel plots assessing potential
publication bias for the analyzed outcome measures: (A) Lactoferrin
concentration and (B) probing pocket depth.

Figure 7

Funnel plots assessing potential
publication bias for the analyzed outcome measures: (A) Clinical
attachment level and (B) gingival index.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Patil GV, Mahendra J, Ponnaiyan D, Kumar RK, Kannan S, Jeyaganesh AD, Thakare KS, Maharavi B and Naagendran A: Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker. Med Int 6: 23, 2026.
APA
Patil, G.V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R.K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A.D. ... Naagendran, A. (2026). Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker. Medicine International, 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.307
MLA
Patil, G. V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R. K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A. D., Thakare, K. S., Maharavi, B., Naagendran, A."Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker". Medicine International 6.3 (2026): 23.
Chicago
Patil, G. V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R. K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A. D., Thakare, K. S., Maharavi, B., Naagendran, A."Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker". Medicine International 6, no. 3 (2026): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.307
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Patil GV, Mahendra J, Ponnaiyan D, Kumar RK, Kannan S, Jeyaganesh AD, Thakare KS, Maharavi B and Naagendran A: Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker. Med Int 6: 23, 2026.
APA
Patil, G.V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R.K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A.D. ... Naagendran, A. (2026). Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker. Medicine International, 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.307
MLA
Patil, G. V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R. K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A. D., Thakare, K. S., Maharavi, B., Naagendran, A."Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker". Medicine International 6.3 (2026): 23.
Chicago
Patil, G. V., Mahendra, J., Ponnaiyan, D., Kumar, R. K., Kannan, S., Jeyaganesh, A. D., Thakare, K. S., Maharavi, B., Naagendran, A."Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta‑analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker". Medicine International 6, no. 3 (2026): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2026.307
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