Anti-proliferative effect of an extract of the root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and the possible mechanisms

The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) is utilized to treat many diseases associated with aging. Research also indicates that PM inhibits the proliferation of certain types of cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of PM extract (PME) on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Inhibition of the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was determined by the MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptotic rates were evaluated by flow cytometry, and cell cycle and apoptosis-related protein expression was assessed by Western blotting. Apoptotic characteristics of MCF-7 cells were detected by transmission electron microscopy. The present study showed that PME at doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/ml significantly inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that the cell apoptotic rates were 9.1±1.67 and 17.7±2.93% after treatment with 100 and 200 µg/ml PME for 48 h, respectively. The proportions of cells in the G2/M phase were 37.9±1.47 and 42.0±1.71% after treatment with 100 and 200 µg/ml PME for 24 h, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that PME down-regulated the protein expression of Cdc25B and Cdc25C phosphatases accompanied by an increase in phospho-Cdk1, and PME promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol to activate caspase-9. The present study demonstrated that PME inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and promoting cell apoptosis. The effects of PME on MCF-7 cells were associated with the modulation of the expression levels of proteins involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. These data suggest that PME has promise as a treatment against breast cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.