Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 12 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 12 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4

  • Authors:
    • Yuan‑Yuan Shang
    • Ning‑Ning Fang
    • Feng Wang
    • Hui Wang
    • Zhi‑Hao Wang
    • Meng‑Xiong Tang
    • Jie Peng
    • Yun Zhang
    • Wei Zhang
    • Ming Zhong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
  • Pages: 463-469
    |
    Published online on: February 27, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3398
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

MicroRNA‑21 (miR‑21) has been found to promote cell proliferation and survival. It has also been shown to exhibit an increased expression in a number of forms of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of miR‑21 in atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that miR‑21 was upregulated in a time‑dependent manner in response to high‑concentration glucose stimulation in Raw 264.7 macrophages. High concentrations of glucose induce macrophage apoptosis. miR‑21‑inhibited macrophages treated with a normal concentration of glucose exhibited increased levels of cell apoptosis and augmented levels of activated caspase‑3, while cells treated with an miR‑21 inhibitor and a high concentration of glucose, revealed significantly increased levels of apoptosis. In addition, inhibition of miR‑21 increased mRNA and protein levels of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which, by contrast, were reduced in miR‑21‑inhibited cells that had been treated with a high concentration of glucose. In conclusion, miR‑21 is sensitive to high‑concentration glucose treatment in macrophages, and appears to have a protective effect in macrophage apoptosis induced by high concentrations of glucose via PDCD4.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Bornfeldt KE and Tabas I: Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis. Cell Metab. 14:575–585. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hurst RT and Lee RW: Increased incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med. 139:824–834. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Tabas I: Consequences and therapeutic implications of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis: the importance of lesion stage and phagocytic efficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25:2255–2264. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kolodgie FD, Narula J, Burke AP, Haider N, Farb A, Hui-Liang Y, Smialek J and Virmani R: Localization of apoptotic macrophages at the site of plaque rupture in sudden coronary death. Am J Pathol. 157:1259–1268. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Liang CP, Han S, Senokuchi T and Tall AR: The macrophage at the crossroads of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 100:1546–1555. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Zieske A, Fowler DR, Weber DK, Varghese PJ, Farb A and Virmani R: Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24:1266–1271. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Bateman A and Enright AJ: miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:D140–D144. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar :

8 

Zamore PD and Haley B: Ribo-gnome: the big world of small RNAs. Science. 309:1519–1524. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Bentwich I, Avniel A, Karov Y, Aharonov R, Gilad S, Barad O, Barzilai A, Einat P, Einav U, Meiri E, et al: Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human microRNAs. Nat Genet. 37:766–770. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lewis BP, Burge CB and Bartel DP: Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell. 120:15–20. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism and function. Cell. 116:281–297. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Nugent M, Miller N and Kerin MJ: MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: function, dysregulation and potential as novel biomarkers. Eur J Surg Oncol. 7:649–654. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Hennessy E, Clynes M, Jeppesen PB and O’Driscoll L: Identification of microRNAs with a role in glucose stimulated insulin secretion by expression profiling of MIN6 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 396:457–462. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Urbich C, Kuehbacher A and Dimmeler S: Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 79:581–588. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Han M, Toli J and Abdellatif M: MicroRNAs in the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Cardiol. 26:181–189. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Folini M, Gandellini P, Longoni N, Profumo V, Callari M, Pennati M, Colecchia M, Supino R, Veneroni S, Salvioni R, et al: miR-21: an oncomir on strike in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer. 9:122010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Cheng Y, Ji R, Yue J, Yang J, Liu X, Chen H, Dean DB and Zhang C: MicroRNAs are aberrantly expressed in hypertrophic heart: do they play a role in cardiac hypertrophy? Am J Pathol. 170:1831–1840. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Roy S, Khanna S, Hussain SR, Biswas S, Azad A, Rink C, Gnyawali S, Shilo S, Nuovo GJ and Sen CK: MicroRNA expression in response to murine myocardial infarction: miR-21 regulates fibroblast metalloprotease-2 via phosphatase and tensin homologue. Cardiovasc Res. 82:21–29. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Cheng Y and Zhang C: MicroRNA-21 in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 3:251–255. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Weber M, Baker MB, Moore JP and Searles CD: MiR-21 is induced in endothelial cells by shear stress and modulates apoptosis and eNOS activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 393:643–648. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ji R, Cheng Y, Yue J, Yang J, Liu X, Chen H, Dean DB and Zhang C: MicroRNA expression signature and antisense-mediated depletion reveal an essential role of MicroRNA in vascular neointimal lesion formation. Circ Res. 100:1579–1588. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Raitoharju E, Lyytikäinen LP, Levula M, Oksala N, Mennander A, Tarkka M, Klopp N, Illig T, Kähönen M, Karhunen PJ, et al: miR-21, miR-210, miR-34a and miR-146a/b are up-regulated in human atherosclerotic plaques in the Tampere vascular study. Atherosclerosis. 219:211–217. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Davis BN, Hilyard AC, Lagna G and Hata A: SMAD proteins control DROSHA-mediated microRNA maturation. Nature. 454:56–61. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Cheng Y, Liu X, Zhang S, Lin Y, Yang J and Zhang C: MicroRNA-21 protects against the H(2)O(2)-induced injury on cardiac myocytes via its target gene PDCD4. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 47:5–14. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Selcuklu SD, Donoghue MT and Spillane C: miR-21 as a key regulator of oncogenic processes. Biochem Soc Trans. 37:918–925. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W and Tuschl T: Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse. Curr Biol. 12:735–739. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sheedy FJ, Palsson-McDermott E, Hennessy EJ, Martin C, O’Leary JJ, Ruan Q, Johnson DS, Chen Y and O’Neill LA: Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21. Nat Immunol. 11:141–147. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Lin Y, Liu X, Cheng Y, Yang J, Huo Y and Zhang C: Involvement of MicroRNAs in hydrogen peroxide-mediated gene regulation and cellular injury response in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 284:7903–7913. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Yin C, Wang X and Kukreja RC: Endogenous microRNAs induced by heat-shock reduce myocardial infarction following ischemia-reperfusion in mice. FEBS Lett. 582:4137–4142. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Tatsuguchi M, Seok HY, Callis TE, Thomson JM, Chen JF, Newman M, Rojas M, Hammond SM and Wang DZ: Expression of microRNAs is dynamically regulated during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 42:1137–1141. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Carletti MZ, Fiedler SD and Christenson LK: MicroRNA 21 blocks apoptosis in mouse periovulatory granulosa cells. Biol Reprod. 83:286–295. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhou X, Zhang J, Jia Q, Ren Y, Wang Y, Shi L, Liu N, Wang G, Pu P, You Y and Kang C: Reduction of miR-21 induces glioma cell apoptosis via activating caspase 9 and 3. Oncol Rep. 24:195–201. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Dong S, Cheng Y, Yang J, Li J, Liu X, Wang X, Wang D, Krall TJ, Delphin ES and Zhang C: MicroRNA expression signature and the role of microRNA-21 in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. J Biol Chem. 284:29514–29525. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, Galuppo P, Just S, Rottbauer W, Frantz S, et al: MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature. 456:980–984. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Liang JL, Xiao DZ, Liu XY, Lin QX, Shan ZX, Zhu JN, Lin SG and Yu XY: High glucose induces apoptosis in AC16 human cardiomyocytes via macrophage migration inhibitory factor and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 37:969–973. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Liu X, Cheng Y, Yang J, Krall TJ, Huo Y and Zhang C: An essential role of PDCD4 in vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and proliferation: implications for vascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 298:C1481–C1488. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yu Y, Kanwar SS, Patel BB, Oh PS, Nautiyal J, Sarkar FH and Majumdar AP: MicroRNA-21 induces stemness by downregulating transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 33:68–76. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

39 

Gaur AB, Holbeck SL, Colburn NH and Israel MA: Downregulation of Pdcd4 by mir-21 facilitates glioblastoma proliferation in vivo. Neuro Oncol. 13:580–590. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Cheng Y, Zhu P, Yang J, Liu X, Dong S, Wang X, Chun B, Zhuang J and Zhang C: Ischaemic preconditioning-regulated miR-21 protects heart against ischaemia/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptosis through its target PDCD4. Cardiovasc Res. 87:431–439. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Allgayer H: Pdcd4, a colon cancer prognostic that is regulated by a microRNA. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 73:185–191. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shang YY, Fang NN, Wang F, Wang H, Wang ZH, Tang MX, Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M, Zhong M, et al: MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4. Mol Med Rep 12: 463-469, 2015.
APA
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M. ... Zhong, M. (2015). MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 463-469. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3398
MLA
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M., Peng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhong, M."MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.1 (2015): 463-469.
Chicago
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M., Peng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhong, M."MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 1 (2015): 463-469. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3398
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shang YY, Fang NN, Wang F, Wang H, Wang ZH, Tang MX, Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M, Zhong M, et al: MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4. Mol Med Rep 12: 463-469, 2015.
APA
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M. ... Zhong, M. (2015). MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 463-469. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3398
MLA
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M., Peng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhong, M."MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.1 (2015): 463-469.
Chicago
Shang, Y., Fang, N., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, M., Peng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhong, M."MicroRNA-21, induced by high glucose, modulates macrophage apoptosis via programmed cell death 4". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 1 (2015): 463-469. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3398
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team