Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2015 Volume 12 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2015 Volume 12 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo

  • Authors:
    • Rui Liu
    • Zhe Wang
    • Lin Gou
    • Hanpeng Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China, Unit of Spinal Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China, Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90002, USA
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
  • Pages: 2598-2606
    |
    Published online on: April 29, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3702
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Astrocytes are the most heterogeneous and predominant glial cell type in the central nervous system. However, the functional significance of this heterogeneity remains to be elucidated. Following injury, damaged astrocytes inhibit axonal regeneration in vivo and in vitro. Cultured primary astrocytes are commonly considered good supportive substrates for neuron attachment and axon regeneration. However, it is not known whether different populations of cells in the heterogeneous astrocyte culture affect neuron behavior in the same way. In the present study, the effect of astrocyte heterogeneity on neuronal attachment and neurite outgrowth was examined using an in vitro and in vivo co‑culture system. In vitro, neonatal cortical astrocytes were co‑cultured with purified dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and astrocyte growth morphology, neuron attachment and neurite growth were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the heterogeneous astrocyte cells showed two different types of growth pattern, typical and atypical. Typical astrocytes were supportive to neuron attachment and neurite growth, which was consistent with previous studies, whereas atypical astrocytes inhibited neuron attachment and neurite growth. These inhibitory astrocytes exhibited a special growth pattern with various shapes and sizes, a high cell density, few oligodendrocytes on the top layer and occupied a smaller growth area compared with typical astrocytes. Neurites extended freely on typical supportive astrocyte populations, however, moved away when they reached atypical astrocyte growth pattern. Neurons growing on the atypical astrocyte pattern demonstrated minimal neurite outgrowth and these neurites had a dystrophic appearance, however, neuronal survival was unaffected. Immunocytochemistry studies demonstrated that these atypical inhibitory astrocytes were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells. The existence of inhibitory astrocyte subpopulations in normal astrocytes reflects the complexity of the function of astrocyte populations. In vivo, DRG neurons in grey matter did not show neurite growth, while DRG neurons survived and showed robust axon outgrowth along the corpus callosum. In conclusion, further studies on this new type of inhibitory astrocyte subpopulation may deepen our understanding of the complex biology of astrocytes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Barres BA: The mystery and magic of glia: A perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron. 60:430–440. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Allen NJ and Barres BA: Neuroscience: Glia - more than just brain glue. Nature. 457:675–677. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kimelberg HK: Functions of mature mammalian astrocytes: A current view. Neuroscientist. 16:79–106. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kettenmann H and Ransom BR: The concept of neuroglia: a historical perpspective. Neuroglia. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press; New York: pp. 1–9. 2005

5 

Raff MC, Abney ER, Cohen J, Lindsay R and Noble M: Two types of astrocytes in cultures of developing rat white matter: Differences in morphology, surface gangliosides and growth characteristics. J Neurosci. 3:1289–1300. 1983.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Yong VW, Yong FP, Olivier A, Robitaille Y and Antel JP: Morphologic heterogeneity of human adult astrocytes in culture: Correlation with HLA-DR expression. J Neurosci Res. 27:678–688. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Bailey MS and Shipley MT: Astrocyte subtypes in the rat olfactory bulb: morphological heterogeneity and differential laminar distribution. J Comp Neurol. 328:501–526. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cahoy JD, Emery B, Kaushal A, et al: A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes: A new resource for understanding brain development and function. J Neurosci. 28:264–278. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Doyle JP, Dougherty JD, Heiman M, et al: Application of a translational profiling approach for the comparative analysis of CNS cell types. Cell. 135:749–762. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ståhlberg A, Andersson D, Aurelius J, et al: Defining cell populations with single-cell gene expression profiling: Correlations and identification of astrocyte subpopulations. Nucleic Acids Res. 39:e242011. View Article : Google Scholar :

11 

Yeh TH, Lee da Y, Gianino SM and Gutmann DH: Microarray analyses reveal regional astrocyte heterogeneity with implications for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1-)regulated glial proliferation. Glia. 57:1239–1249. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang Y and Barres BA: Astrocyte heterogeneity: An underappreciated topic in neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 20:588–594. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wilkin GP, Marriott DR and Cholewinski AJ: Astrocyte heterogeneity. Trends Neurosci. 13:43–46. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Neumann S and Woolf CJ: Regeneration of dorsal column fibers into and beyond the lesion site following adult spinal cord injury. Neuron. 23:83–91. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Goldberg JL, Klassen MP, Hua Y and Barres BA: Amacrine-signaled loss of intrinsic axon growth ability by retinal ganglion cells. Science. 296:1860–1864. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Yiu G and He Z: Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 7:617–627. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chaudhry N and Filbin MT: Myelin-associated inhibitory signaling and strategies to overcome inhibition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27:1096–1107. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Busch SA and Silver J: The role of extracellular matrix in CNS regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17:120–127. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Verma P, Garcia-Alias G and Fawcett JW: Spinal cord repair: bridging the divide. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 22:429–437. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Silver J and Miller JH: Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Nat Rev Neurosci. 5:146–156. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wanner IB, Deik A, Torres M, et al: A new in vitro model of the glial scar inhibits axon growth. Glia. 56:1691–1709. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ard MD, Bunge MB, Wood PM, Schachner M and Bunge RP: Retinal neurite growth on astrocytes is not modified by extracellular matrix, anti-L1 antibody, or oligodendrocytes. Glia. 4:70–82. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fawcett JW, Fersht N, Housden L, Schachner M and Pesheva P: Axonal growth on astrocytes is not inhibited by oligodendrocytes. J Cell Sci. 103:571–579. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

24 

McCarthy KD and de Vellis J: Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue. J Cell Biol. 85:890–902. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Liu R, Lin G and Xu H: An efficient method for dorsal root ganglia neurons purification with a one-time anti-mitotic reagent treatment. PLoS One. 8:e605582013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Paxinos G and Watson C: The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 6th. Academic Press; London: 2007

27 

Biran R, Noble MD and Tresco PA: Directed nerve outgrowth is enhanced by engineered glial substrates. Exp Neurol. 184:141–152. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Seifert G, Schilling K and Steinhäuser C: Astrocyte dysfunction in neurological disorders: a molecular perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 7:194–206. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Shen Q, Wang Y, Kokovay E, et al: Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: a quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions. Cell Stem Cell. 3:289–300. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Jhaveri S: Midline glia of the tectum: a barrier for developing retinal axons. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1:237–243. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wu DY, Schneider GE, Silver J, Poston M and Jhaveri S: A role for tectal midline glia in the unilateral containment of retinocollicular axons. J Neurosci. 18:8344–8355. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Steindler DA: Glial boundaries in the developing nervous system. Ann Rev Neurosci. 16:445–470. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

McKeon RJ, Schreiber R, Rudge J and Silver J: Reduction of neurite outgrowth in a model of glial scarring following CNS injury is correlated with the expression of inhibitory molecules on reactive astrocytes. J Neurosci. 11:3398–3411. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

34 

McKeon RJ, Jurynec MJ and Buck CR: The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan are expressed by reactive astrocytes in the chronic CNS glial scar. J Neurosci. 19:10778–10788. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Grierson JP, Petroski RE, Ling DS and Geller HM: Astrocyte topography and tenascin/cytotactin expression: correlation with the ability to support neuritic outgrowth. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 55:11–19. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Fok-Seang J, Smith-Thomas LC, Meiners S, et al: An analysis of astrocytic cell lines with different abilities to promote axon growth. Brain Res. 689:207–223. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Meiners S, Powell EM and Geller H: A distinct subset of tenascin/CS-6-PG-rich astrocytes restricts neuronal growth in vitro. J Neurosci. 15:8096–8108. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Ard MD and Bunge RP: Heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin immunoreactivity on cultured astrocytes: relationship to differentiation and neurite growth. J Neurosci. 8:2844–2858. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Powell EM, Meiners S, DiProspero NA and Geller HM: Mechanisms of astrocyte-directed neurite guidance. Cell Tissue Res. 290:385–393. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Xu XY, Li XT, Peng SW, et al: The behaviour of neural stem cells on polyhydroxyalkanoate nanofiber scaffolds. Biomaterials. 31:3967–3975. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Plant GW, Currier PF, Cuervo EP, et al: Purified adult ensheathing glia fail to myelinate axons under culture conditions that enable Schwann cells to form myelin. J Neurosci. 22:6083–6091. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Zwain IH and Yen SS: Neurosteroidogenesis in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of cerebral cortex of rat brain. Endocrinology. 140:3843–3852. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Tien AC, Tsai HH, Molofsky AV, et al: Regulated temporal-spatial astrocyte precursor cell proliferation involves BRAF signalling in mammalian spinal cord. Development. 139:2477–2487. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ard MD, Schachner M, Rapp JT and Faissner A: Growth and degeneration of axons on astrocyte surfaces: effects on extracellular matrix and on later axonal growth. Glia. 9:248–259. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Siddiqui S, Horvat Broecker A and Faissner A: Comparative screening of glial cell types reveals extracellular matrix that inhibits retinal axon growth in a chondroitinase ABC-resistant fashion. Glia. 57:1420–1438. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu R, Wang Z, Gou L and Xu H: A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 12: 2598-2606, 2015.
APA
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., & Xu, H. (2015). A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 2598-2606. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3702
MLA
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., Xu, H."A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.2 (2015): 2598-2606.
Chicago
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., Xu, H."A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 2 (2015): 2598-2606. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3702
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu R, Wang Z, Gou L and Xu H: A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 12: 2598-2606, 2015.
APA
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., & Xu, H. (2015). A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 2598-2606. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3702
MLA
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., Xu, H."A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.2 (2015): 2598-2606.
Chicago
Liu, R., Wang, Z., Gou, L., Xu, H."A cortical astrocyte subpopulation inhibits axon growth in vitro and in vivo". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 2 (2015): 2598-2606. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3702
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team