Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 12 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 12 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy

  • Authors:
    • Jia Wang
    • Jie Wu
    • Hong Wu
    • Xingzhen Liu
    • Yingjian Chen
    • Jianying Wu
    • Chengjin Hu
    • Dajin Zou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China, Department of Internal Medicine, Hangzhou Sanatorium of Nanjing Military Region, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Jinan Military District, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
  • Pages: 4210-4218
    |
    Published online on: June 16, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3944
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine whether liraglutide (LRG), a long acting glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, exerted a protective effect on free fatty acid (FFA)‑treated pancreatic β‑cells via activating autophagy. INS‑1 insulinoma pancreatic islet cell lines were treated with FFA and the levels of cell necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy were detected using an MTT assay, flow cytometry and electron microscopy (ECM). A type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model was established through treatment of mice with a high‑fat diet for 8 weeks and injection of streptozotocin. LRG and autophagy inhibitors were used to investigate the protective effect of LRG on pancreatic β‑cells in vivo. Metabolic indices were measured and pancreatic autophagy was detected. In the INS‑1 cells, viability was higher in the FFA + LRG group compared with the FFA group, while the apoptotic rate was lower (P<0.05). The light chain 3B and p62 autophagy‑associated proteins were upregulated by LRG, while ATG7 and Beclin1 were downregulated. Autophagy inhibitors reduced the protective effect of LRG in the FFA‑treated INS‑1 cells. The type 2 diabetes mouse model was successfully established, termed the HF group, in which LRG was observed to reduce body weight and decrease levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, serum insulin, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein‑cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin (P<0.05), compared with the HF group. However, chloroquine treatment abrogated these effects (P<0.05, compared with the HF + LRG group; P>0.05, compared with the HF group). Autophagosomes were also observed under ECM in the pancreatic tissues of mice in the HF + LRG group. Therefore, LRG induced autophagy and exerted protective effects on pancreatic β-cells in vitro and in vivo.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Salehi M, Aulinger BA and D'Alessio DA: Targeting beta-cell mass in type 2 diabetes: promise and limitations of new drugs based on incretins. Endocr Rev. 29:367–379. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ritzel RA: Therapeutic approaches based on beta-cell mass preservation and/or regeneration. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 14:1835–1850. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Berlie H, Hurren KM and Pinelli NR: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 5:165–174. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Grieve DJ, Cassidy RS and Green BD: Emerging cardiovascular actions of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1: potential therapeutic benefits beyond glycaemic control? Br J Pharmacol. 157:1340–1351. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Laybutt DR, Preston AM, Akerfeldt MC, et al: Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to beta cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 50:752–763. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ogata M, Hino S, Saito A, et al: Autophagy is activated for cell survival after endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Biol. 26:9220–9231. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Choi SE, Lee SM, Lee YJ, et al: Protective role of autophagy in palmitate-induced INS-1 beta-cell death. Endocrinology. 150:126–134. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Marchetti P and Masini M: Autophagy and the pancreatic beta-cell in human type 2 diabetes. Autophagy. 5:1055–1056. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hartley T, Brumell J and Volchuk A: Emerging roles for the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in pancreatic beta-cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 296:E1–E10. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Masini M, et al: Autophagy in human type 2 diabetes pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia. 52:1083–1086. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ichimura Y, Kumanomidou T, Sou YS, et al: Structural basis for sorting mechanism of p62 in selective autophagy. J Biol Chem. 283:22847–22857. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Marsh BJ, Soden C, Alarcon C, et al: Regulated autophagy controls hormone content in secretory-deficient pancreatic endocrine beta-cells. Mol Endocrinol. 21:2255–2269. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM and Klionsky DJ: Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature. 451:1069–1075. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Fujitani Y, Kawamori R and Watada H: The role of autophagy in pancreatic beta-cell and diabetes. Autophagy. 5:280–282. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

He C and Klionsky DJ: Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy. Annu Rev Genet. 43:67–93. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Singh R, Kaushik S, Wany Y, et al: Authophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature. 458:1131–1135. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Eskelinen EL: Maturation of autophagic vacuoles in Mammalian cells. Autophagy. 1:1–10. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Heckmann BL, Yang X, Zhang X and Liu J: The autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine potently stimulates PKA-dependent lipolysis in adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 168:163–171. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

19 

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T and Levine B: Methods in mammalian autophagy research. Cell. 140:313–326. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy. 8:445–544. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Mariño G and López-Otín C: Autophagy: Molecular mechanisms, physiological functions and relevance in human pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci. 61:1439–1454. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Scarlatti F, Maffei R, Beau I, Codogno P and Ghidoni R: Role of non-canonical Beclin 1-independent autophagy in cell death induced by resveratrol in human breast cancer cells. Cell Death Differ. 15:1318–1329. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Edinger AL and Thompson CB: Defective autophagy leads to cancer. Cancer Cell. 4:422–424. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, et al: Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature. 402:672–676. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Lee DY, Lee J and Sugden B: The unfolded protein response and autophagy: Herpesviruses rule! J Virol. 83:1168–1172. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar :

26 

Li J, Ni M, Lee B, Barron E, Hinton DR and Lee AS: The unfolded protein response regulator GRP78/BiP is required for endoplasmic reticulum integrity and stress-induced autophagy in mammalian cells. Cell Death Differ. 15:1460–1471. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Geng J, Baba M, Nair U and Klionsky DJ: Quantitative analysis of autophagy-related protein stoichometry by fluorescence microscopy. J Cell Biol. 182:129–140. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Pickford F, Masliah E, Britschgi M, et al: The autophagy-related protein beclin 1 shows reduced expression in early Alzheimer disease and regulates amyloid beta accumulation in mice. J Clin Invest. 118:2190–2199. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Arsov I, Li X, Matthews G, et al: BAC-mediated transgenic expression of fluorescent autophagic protein Beclin 1 reveals a role for Beclin 1 in lymphocyte development. Cell Death Differ. 15:1385–1395. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gaytan M, Morales C, Sanchez-Criado JE and Gaytan F: Immunolocalization of beclin 1, a bcl-2-binding, autophagy-related protein, in the human ovary: possible relation to life span of corpus luteum. Cell Tissue Res. 331:509–517. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Dawson TR, Lazarus MD, Hetzer MW and Wente SR: ER membrane-bending proteins are necessary for de novo nuclear pore formation. J Cell Biol. 184:659–675. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Deniaud A, Sharaf el dein O, Maillier E, et al: Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces calcium-dependent permeability transition, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. Oncogene. 27:285–299. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Yi M, Chi MH, Khang CH, et al: The ER chaperone LHS1 is involved in asexual development and rice infection by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Plant Cell. 21:681–695. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

McCullough KD, Martindale JL, Klotz LO, Aw TY and Holbrook NJ: Gadd153 sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by down-regulating Bcl2 and perturbing the cellular redox state. Mol Cell Biol. 21:1249–1259. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kim SJ, Winter K, Nian C, Tsuneoka M, Koda Y and McIntosh CH: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) stimulation of pancreatic beta-cell survival is dependent upon phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling, inactivation of the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 and down-regulation of bax expression. J Biol Chem. 280:22297–22307. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Hattori Y, Jojima T, Tomizawa A, et al: A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, liraglutide, upregulates nitric oxide production and exerts anti-inflammatory action in endothelial cells. Diabetologia. 53:2256–2263. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Gaspari T, Liu H, Welungoda I, et al: A GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular adhesion molecule expression in an ApoE−/− mouse model. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 8:117–124. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Curran KA and Miller J: Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions in Health Care Facilities. Am J Infect Control. 37:257–258. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bernales S, Schuck S and Walter P: ER-phagy: selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum. Autophagy. 3:285–287. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Takács G, Papp S, Lukáts B, et al: Homeostatic alterations after IL-1beta microinjection into the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Appetite. 54:354–362. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Shimoda M, Kanda Y, Hamamoto S, et al: The human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide preserves pancreatic beta cells via regulation of cell kinetics and suppression of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in a mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia. 54:1098–1108. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Fransson L, Dos Santos C, Wolbert P, Sjoholm A, Rafacho A and Ortsater H: Liraglutide counteracts obesity and glucose intolerance in a mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 6:32014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Chen ZF, Li YB, Han JY, et al: Liraglutide prevents high glucose level induced insulinoma cells apoptosis by targeting autophagy. Chin Med J (Engl). 126:937–941. 2013.

44 

Hetz C: The unfolded protein response: controlling cell fate decisions under ER stress and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 13:89–102. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zhang SH, Reddick RL, Piedrahita JA and Maeda N: Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science. 258:468–471. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Li L, Kim J and Boussiotis VA: IL-1β-mediated signals preferentially drive conversion of regulatory T cells but not conventional T cells into IL-17-producing cells. J Immunol. 185:4148–4153. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang J, Wu J, Wu H, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu J, Hu C and Zou D: Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy. Mol Med Rep 12: 4210-4218, 2015.
APA
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J. ... Zou, D. (2015). Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 4210-4218. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3944
MLA
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J., Hu, C., Zou, D."Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.3 (2015): 4210-4218.
Chicago
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J., Hu, C., Zou, D."Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 3 (2015): 4210-4218. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3944
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang J, Wu J, Wu H, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu J, Hu C and Zou D: Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy. Mol Med Rep 12: 4210-4218, 2015.
APA
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J. ... Zou, D. (2015). Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy. Molecular Medicine Reports, 12, 4210-4218. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3944
MLA
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J., Hu, C., Zou, D."Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy". Molecular Medicine Reports 12.3 (2015): 4210-4218.
Chicago
Wang, J., Wu, J., Wu, H., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wu, J., Hu, C., Zou, D."Liraglutide protects pancreatic β-cells against free fatty acids in vitro and affects glucolipid metabolism in apolipoprotein E‑/‑ mice by activating autophagy". Molecular Medicine Reports 12, no. 3 (2015): 4210-4218. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3944
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team