1
|
Hall IC and O'Toole E: Intestinal flora in
newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe. Am
J Dis Child. 49:390–402. 1935. View Article : Google Scholar
|
2
|
George WL, Sutter VL, Goldstein EJ, Ludwig
SL and Finegold SM: Aetiology of antimicrobial-agent-associated
colitis. Lancet. 1:802–803. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
3
|
Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP,
Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J and Wilcox MH; Healthcare Epidemiology
of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America: Clinical
practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults:
2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America
(SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA).
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 131:431–455. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar
|
4
|
Kelly CP: Current strategies for
management of initial Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Med.
7(Supple 3): S5–S10. 2012. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
5
|
Miller M, Gravel D, Mulvey M, Taylor G,
Boyd D, Simor A, Gardam M, McGeer A, Hutchinson J, Moore D, et al:
Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in Canada:
Patient age and infecting strain type are highly predictive of
severe outcome and mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 50:194–201. 2010.
View Article : Google Scholar
|
6
|
Kelly CP and LaMont JT: Clostridium
difficile - more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 359:1932–1940.
2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
7
|
Khanna S and Pardi DS: The growing
incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection in
inpatient and outpatient settings. Expert Rev Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 4:409–416. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
8
|
Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH,
Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, Monnet DL, van Dissel JT and
Kuijper EJ; ECDIS Study Group: Clostridium difficile infection in
Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet. 377:63–73. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar
|
9
|
Gilca R, Hubert B, Fortin E, Gaulin C and
Dionne M: Epidemiological patterns and hospital characteristics
associated with increased incidence of Clostridium difficile
infection in Quebec, Canada, 1998–2006. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol. 31:939–947. 2010. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
10
|
Barbut F, Jones G and Eckert C:
Epidemiology and control of Clostridium difficile infections in
healthcare settings: An update. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 24:370–376.
2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
11
|
Kuijper EJ, Coignard B and Tüll P; ESCMID
Study Group for Clostridium difficile; EU Member States; European
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Emergence of Clostridium
difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin
Microbiol Infect. 12(Suppl 6): 2–18. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
12
|
Kutty PK, Woods CW, Sena AC, Benoit SR,
Naggie S, Frederick J, Evans S, Engel J and McDonald LC: Risk
factors for and estimated incidence of community-associated
Clostridium difficile infection, North Carolina, USA. Emerg Infect
Dis. 16:197–204. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
13
|
Hall AC, Curns AT, McDonald LC, Parashar
UD and Lopman BA: The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus
among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the United States,
1997–2007. Clin Infect Dis. 55:216–223. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
14
|
Khanna S and Pardi DS: Clostridium
difficile infection: New insights into management. Mayo Clin Proc.
87:1106–1117. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
15
|
McDonald LC, Lessa F and Sievert D;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Vital signs:
Preventing Clostridium difficile infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep. 61:157–162. 2012.
|
16
|
Miller BA, Chen LF, Sexton DJ and Anderson
DJ: Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare
facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of
healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol. 32:387–390. 2011. View
Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
17
|
Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML,
Cockayne A and Minton NP: The role of toxin A and toxin B in
Clostridium difficile infection. Nature. 467:711–713. 2010.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
18
|
Goorhuis A, Legaria MC, van den Berg RJ,
Harmanus C, Klaassen CH, Brazier JS, Lumelsky G and Kuijper EJ:
Application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat
analysis to determine clonal spread of toxin A-negative Clostridium
difficile in a general hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Clin
Microbiol Infect. 15:1080–1086. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
19
|
Huang H, Wu S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Fang H,
Palmgren AC, Weintraub A and Nord CE: Clostridium difficile
infections in a Shanghai hospital: Antimicrobial resistance, toxin
profiles and ribotypes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 33:339–342. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar
|
20
|
Lyerly DM, Krivan HC and Wilkins TD:
Clostridium difficile: Its disease and toxins. Clin Microbiol Rev.
1:1–18. 1988.PubMed/NCBI
|
21
|
Kim H, Riley TV, Kim M, Kim CK, Yong D,
Lee K, Chong Y and Park JW: Increasing prevalence of toxin
A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates of Clostridium difficile in
Korea: Impact on laboratory diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol.
46:1116–1117. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
22
|
Iwashima Y, Nakamura A, Kato H, Kato H,
Wakimoto Y, Wakiyama N, Kaji C and Ueda R: A retrospective study of
the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection at a University
Hospital in Japan: Genotypic features of the isolates and clinical
characteristics of the patients. J Infect Chemother. 16:329–333.
2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
23
|
Elliott B, Squire MM, Thean S, Chang BJ,
Brazier JS, Rupnik M and Riley TV: New types of toxin A-negative,
toxin B-positive strains among clinical isolates of Clostridium
difficile in Australia. J Med Microbiol. 60:1108–1111. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
24
|
Pruitt RN and Lacy DB: Toward a structural
understanding of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Front. Cell
Infect Microbiol. 2:282012.
|
25
|
Komatsu M, Kato H, Aihara M, Shimakawa K,
Iwasaki M, Nagasaka Y, Fukuda S, Matsuo S, Arakawa Y, Watanabe M,
et al: High frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to
toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in a
hospital in Japan and risk factors for infection. Eur J Clin
Microbiol Infect Dis. 22:525–529. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
26
|
Shin BM, Kuak EY, Yoo SJ, Shin WC and Yoo
HM: Emerging toxin A–B+ variant strain of Clostridium difficile
responsible for pseudomembranous colitis at a tertiary care
hospital in Korea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 60:333–337. 2008.
View Article : Google Scholar
|
27
|
Hadji-Ghasemi F, Gharagozlou S, Ghods R,
Roohi A, Khoshnoodi J and Shokri F: Generation and characterization
of a mouse monoclonal antibody with specificity similar to
staphylococcal protein A (SPA). Hybrid Hybridomics. 22:33–39. 2003.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
28
|
Hajighasemi F, Khoshnoodi J and Shokri F:
Development of two murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing human
nG1m(a)-like isoallotypic markers. Hybridoma (Larchmt). 27:473–479.
2008. View Article : Google Scholar
|
29
|
Hajighasemi F, Gharagozlou S, Ghods R,
Khoshnoodi J and Shokri F: Private idiotypes located on light and
heavy chains of human myeloma proteins characterized by monoclonal
antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt). 25:329–335. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar
|
30
|
Singh RP, Bandyopadhyay SK, Sreenivasa BP
and Dhar P: Production and characterization of monoclonal
antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Vet Res
Commun. 28:623–639. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
31
|
Harlow ED and Lane D: Antibodies: A
Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; New York: pp.
148–242. 1988
|
32
|
Hajighasemi F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA and
Shokri F: Measurement of affinity constant of anti-human IgG
monoclonal antibodies by an Elisa-based method. Iran Immunol.
1:154–161. 2004.
|
33
|
Jie Y, Luo HB and Lu DY: Modern
microbiological techology and its application. 1st edition. people
health press; Beijing: pp. 173–183. 1997
|
34
|
Curry S: Clostridium difficile. Clin Lab
Med. 30:329–342. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
35
|
Crobach MJ, Dekkers OM, Wilcox MH and
Kuijper EJ: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Data review and recommendations for
diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol
Infect. 15:1053–1066. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
36
|
Wilcox MH: Overcoming barriers to
effective recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile
infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18(Suppl 6): 13–20. 2012.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
37
|
Boyanton BL, Sural P, Loomis CR, Pesta C,
Gonzalez-Krellwitz L, Robinson-Dunn B and Riska P: Loop-mediated
isothermal amplification compared to real-time PCR and enzyme
immunoassay for toxigenic Clostridium difficile detection. J Clin
Microbiol. 50:640–645. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :
|
38
|
Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Rolston DD,
Jain A, Deshpande N, Pant C and Hernandez AV: Diagnostic accuracy
of realtime polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium
difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected
Clostridium difficile infection: A metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis.
53:e81–e90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
39
|
Longtin Y, Trottier S, Brochu G,
Paquet-Bolduc B, Garenc C, Loungnarath V, Beaulieu C, Goulet D and
Longtin J: Impact of the type of diagnostic assay on Clostridium
difficile infection and complication rates in a mandatory reporting
program. Clin Infect Dis. 56:67–73. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar
|
40
|
Wilkins TD and Lyerly DM: Clostridium
difficile testing: After 20 years, still challenging. J Clin
Microbiol. 41:531–534. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
41
|
Planche T, Aghaizu A, Holliman R, Riley P,
Poloniecki J, Breathnach A and Krishna S: Diagnosis of Clostridium
difficile infection by toxin detection kits: A systematic review.
Lancet Infect Dis. 8:777–784. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
42
|
Cheknis AK, Sambol SP, Davidson DM, Nagaro
KJ, Mancini MC, Hidalgo-Arroyo GA, Brazier JS, Johnson S and
Gerding DN: Distribution of Clostridium difficile strains from a
North American, European and Australian trial of treatment for
Clostridium difficile infections: 2005–2007. Anaerobe. 15:230–233.
2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
43
|
Albesa-Jové D, Bertrand T, Carpenter EP,
Swain GV, Lim J, Zhang J, Haire LF, Vasisht N, Braun V, Lange A, et
al: Four distinct structural domains in Clostridium difficile toxin
B visualized using SAXS. J Mol Biol. 396:1260–1270. 2010.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
44
|
von Eichel-Streiber C, Laufenberg-Feldmann
R, Sartingen S, Schulze J and Sauerborn M: Comparative sequence
analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Mol Gen
Genet. 233:260–268. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|