Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2016 Volume 13 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2016 Volume 13 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion

  • Authors:
    • Yi Jiang
    • Jianhao Wei
    • Haican Liu
    • Guilian Li
    • Qian Guo
    • Yan Qiu
    • Lili Zhao
    • Machao Li
    • Xiuqin Zhao
    • Xiangfeng Dou
    • Kanglin Wan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Tuberculosis, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China, Institute for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, P.R. China
  • Pages: 947-954
    |
    Published online on: November 19, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4589
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that the Pro‑Glu/Pro‑Pro‑Glu (PE/PPE) genes in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit high sequence variation and may be involved in antigenic variation and immune evasion. Region of Difference 1 (RD1), encoding genes from Rv3871 to Rv3879, was observed to be lost during the original derivation of Bacillus Calmette‑Guérin between 1908 and 1921. It has been previously demonstrated that two PE/PPE proteins, PE35 (Rv3872) and PPE68 (Rv3873), are encoded by RD1 and exhibit immunodominance. To explore the genetic diversity of PE35 and PPE68, and to evaluate the impact of sequence variation on the immune recognition of these proteins, 161 clinical M. tuberculosis strains were selected from China and comparative sequence analysis of PE35 and PPE68 was performed. The results indicated that polymorphisms in PE35 and PPE68 may lead to alterations in the function of these proteins, which may potentially affect strain virulence. In addition, the human T‑cell epitopes of PE35 and PPE68 were highly variable, suggesting that the two antigens may be involved in diversifying selection to evade host immunity. The prevalence of strains with PE35 mutations in the non‑Beijing family was significantly greater compared with the Beijing family, indicating that Beijing strains may be more conservative than non‑Beijing strains in this gene.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Liu XQ, Dosanjh D, Varia H, Ewer K, Cockle P, Pasvol G and Lalvani A: Evaluation of T-cell responses to novel RD1- and RD2-encoded Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene products for specific detection of human tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun. 72:2574–2581. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC and Stover CK: Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J Bacteriol. 178:1274–1282. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Hanif SN, El-Shammy AM, Al-Attiyah R and Mustafa AS: Whole blood assays to identify Th1 cell antigens and peptides encoded by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific RD1 genes. Med Princ Pract. 17:244–249. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mustafa AS, Al-Attiyah R, Hanif SN and Shaban FA: Efficient testing of large pools of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 peptides and identification of major antigens and immunodominant peptides recognized by human Th1 cells. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 15:916–924. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hanif SN, Al-Attiyah R and Mustafa AS: Species-specific antigenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins tested by delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 14:489–494. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Pym AS, Brodin P, Brosch R, Huerre M and Cole ST: Loss of RD1 contributed to the attenuation of the live tuberculosis vaccines Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium microti. Mol Microbiol. 46:709–717. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Lewis KN, Liao R, Guinn KM, Hickey MJ, Smith S, Behr MA and Sherman DR: Deletion of RD1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimics bacille Calmette-Guérin attenuation. J Infect Dis. 187:117–123. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Malaghini M, Thomaz-Soccol V, Probst CM, Krieger MA, Preti H, Kritski A and Soccol CR: Recombinant antigen production for assays of intradermoreaction for diagnosis and surveillance of tuberculosis. J Biotechnol. 156:56–58. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Tiwari B, Soory A and Raghunand TR: An immunomodulatory role for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis region of difference 1 locus proteins PE35 (Rv3872) and PPE68 (Rv3873). FEBS J. 281:1556–1570. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Mukhopadhyay S and Balaji KN: The PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 91:441–447. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sampson SL: Mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins at the host-pathogen interface. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011:4972032011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Akhter Y, Ehebauer MT, Mukhopadhyay S and Hasnain SE: The PE/PPE multigene family codes for virulence factors and is a possible source of mycobacterial antigenic variation: Perhaps more? Biochimie. 94:110–116. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

McEvoy CR, Cloete R, Müller B, Schürch AC, van Helden PD, Gagneux S, Warren RM and Gey van Pittius NC: Comparative analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pe and ppe genes reveals high sequence variation and an apparent absence of selective constraints. PLoS One. 7:e305932012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Copin R, Coscollá M, Seiffert SN, Bothamley G, Sutherland J, Mbayo G, Gagneux S and Ernst JD: Sequence diversity in the pe_pgrs genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independent of human T-cell recognition. MBio. 5:e00960–e13. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, Krapp F, Allen J, Tahirli R, Blakemore R, Rustomjee R, et al: Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 363:1005–1015. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Dong H, Liu Z, Lv B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhao X, Liu J and Wan K: Spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from different provinces of China. J Clin Microbiol. 48:4102–4106. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Bunschoten A, Molhuizen H, Shaw R, Goyal M and van Embden J: Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol. 35:907–914. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Brudey K, Driscoll JR, Rigouts L, Prodinger WM, Gori A, Al-Hajoj SA, Allix C, Aristimuño L, Arora J, Baumanis V, et al: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol. 6:232006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, et al: Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics. 23:2947–2948. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Hall TA: BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser. 41:95–98. 1999.

21 

Ernst JD, Lewinsohn DM, Behar S, Blythe M, Schlesinger LS, Kornfeld H and Sette A: Meeting Report: NIH workshop on the tuberculosis immune epitope database. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 88:366–370. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hsu T, Hingley-Wilson SM, Chen B, Chen M, Dai AZ, Morin PM, Marks CB, Padiyar J, Goulding C, Gingery M, et al: The primary mechanism of attenuation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin is a loss of secreted lytic function required for invasion of lung interstitial tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:12420–12425. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pym AS, Brodin P, Majlessi L, Brosch R, Demangel C, Williams A, Griffiths KE, Marchal G, Leclerc C and Cole ST: Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Nat Med. 9:533–539. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Stanley SA, Raghavan S, Hwang WW and Cox JS: Acute infection and macrophage subversion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis require a specialized secretion system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:13001–13006. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Brodin P, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, Cole ST and Brosch R: ESAT-6 proteins: Protective antigens and virulence factors? Trends Microbiol. 12:500–508. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Guinn KM, Hickey MJ, Mathur SK, Zakel KL, Grotzke JE, Lewinsohn DM, Smith S and Sherman DR: Individual RD1-region genes are required for export of ESAT-6/CFP-10 and for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol. 51:359–370. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Okkels LM, Brock I, Follmann F, Agger EM, Arend SM, Ottenhoff TH, Oftung F, Rosenkrands I and Andersen P: PPE protein (Rv3873) from DNA segment RD1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Strong recognition of both specific T-cell epitopes and epitopes conserved within the PPE family. Infect Immun. 71:6116–6123. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Okkels LM and Andersen P: Protein-protein interactions of proteins from the ESAT-6 family of. Mycobacterium tuberculosis J Bacteriol. 186:2487–2491. 2004.

29 

Teutschbein J, Schumann G, Möllmann U, Grabley S, Cole ST and Munder T: A protein linkage map of the ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res. 164:253–259. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Brodin P, Majlessi L, Marsollier L, de Jonge MI, Bottai D, Demangel C, Hinds J, Neyrolles O, Butcher PD, Leclerc C, et al: Dissection of ESAT-6 system 1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and impact on immunogenicity and virulence. Infect Immun. 74:88–98. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar :

31 

Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, Gideon HP, Young DB and Sampson SL: Conserved immune recognition hierarchy of mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins during infection in natural hosts. PLoS One. 7:e408902012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Comas I, Chakravartti J, Small PM, Galagan J, Niemann S, Kremer K, Ernst JD and Gagneux S: Human T-cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are evolutionarily hyperconserved. Nat Genet. 42:498–503. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Parwati I, van Crevel R and van Soolingen D: Possible underlying mechanisms for successful emergence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains. Lancet Infect Dis. 10:103–111. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kwan CK and Ernst JD: HIV and tuberculosis: A deadly human syndemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 24:351–376. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mukherjee P, Dutta M, Datta P, Dasgupta A, Pradhan R, Pradhan M, Kundu M, Basu J and Chakrabarti P: The RD1-encoded antigen Rv3872 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential candidate for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 13:146–152. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang Y, Wei J, Liu H, Li G, Guo Q, Qiu Y, Zhao L, Li M, Zhao X, Dou X, Dou X, et al: Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion. Mol Med Rep 13: 947-954, 2016.
APA
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y. ... Wan, K. (2016). Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 947-954. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4589
MLA
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, M., Zhao, X., Dou, X., Wan, K."Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.1 (2016): 947-954.
Chicago
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, M., Zhao, X., Dou, X., Wan, K."Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 1 (2016): 947-954. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4589
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang Y, Wei J, Liu H, Li G, Guo Q, Qiu Y, Zhao L, Li M, Zhao X, Dou X, Dou X, et al: Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion. Mol Med Rep 13: 947-954, 2016.
APA
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y. ... Wan, K. (2016). Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 947-954. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4589
MLA
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, M., Zhao, X., Dou, X., Wan, K."Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.1 (2016): 947-954.
Chicago
Jiang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, H., Li, G., Guo, Q., Qiu, Y., Zhao, L., Li, M., Zhao, X., Dou, X., Wan, K."Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 1 (2016): 947-954. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4589
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team