Downregulation of non‑muscle myosin IIA expression inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells via the c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase signaling pathway

Introduction

Although the incidence of gastric cancer has decreased in the past 50 years in most developed countries, it remains one of the most important health issues in developing countries (1). According to the International Gastric Cancer Society, gastric cancer affects >800,000 people and accounts for 65,000 cancer-associated mortalities annually (2), therefore ranking as the fourth most common cancer type and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality (3,4). Accumulating evidence has shown that aberrant cellular metabolism, involving multiple factors and steps, is a pivotal feature during tumorigenesis and cancer progression (5). However, the precise regulatory mechanisms underlying the development and progression of gastric cancer remain to be elucidated.

Non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) belongs to the myosin II sub-family and is encoded by the MYH9 gene. It is an actin-based molecular motor that includes skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle and non-muscular myosins (6,7). Although the functions of NMIIA may be different in various cell types, interactions with actin microfilaments, microtubules, S100A4 as well as cadherin- and integrin complexes, have been identified, which may affect cellular activities, including tumor invasion (8).

Previous studies have indicated that NMIIA has a vital role in adhesion, invasion and migration of cancer cells, including breast cancer (8,9), esophageal squamous cancer (7), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (10) and gastric cancer (6,11), as well as patient prognosis. The association between the overexpression of NMIIA and the progression as well as poor prognosis of gastric cancer has been clarified (4,6); however, the signaling pathways of the involvement of NMIIA in gastric cancer have remained elusive.

The present study determined the levels of NMIIA expression in clinical gastric cancer tissues and matched non-tumorous gastric tissue specimens. Through in vitro Transwell and wound-healing assays, the present study assessed the invasive and migratory capacity of gastric cancer cells following MYH9 gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). In addition, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the roles of NMIIA in the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells were explored. The present study provided insight into the role of NMIIA in gastric cancer progression.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue specimens

Frozen clinical gastric cancer tissue specimens and matched non-tumorous gastric tissue specimens were collected from 63 gastric cancer patients from at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery (Zhengzhou, China). None of the patients received radiotherapy, chemotherapy or biotherapy prior to surgery. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China). Written informed consent was provided by the patients prior to commencement.

Cell lines and culture

The SGC-7901 and MGC-803 human gastric cancer lines were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology (Shanghai, China). The two cell lines were cultivated in RPMI 1640 (cat no. 21870-076; Gibco-BRL, Invitrogen Life Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), 4 mM glutamine (cat no. 25030-149; Invitrogen Life Technologies), 100 U/ml penicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37°C (12).

Silencing of NMIIA

NMIIA isoform-specific small interfering (si)RNA and control siRNA were smart pools from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). siRNA transfection was performed using HiPerfect transfection reagent (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were plated in 12-well plates 72 h after transfection with 2 µM siRNA. Following incubation for 24 h, cells were harvested and subjected to subsequent experiments.

RNA extraction and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis

Total RNA was extracted from minced tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Inc.), followed by cDNA synthesis using the TaqMan reverse transcription kit (cat. no. 4304134; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The primers used for the amplification of the cDNAs were as follows: NMIIA forward, 5′-AGA GCT CAC GTG CCT CAACG-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGA CCA CAC AGA ACA GGC CTG-3′; β-actin forward, 5′-ATT GCC GAC AGG ATG CAGA-3′ and reverse, 5′-GAG TAC TTG CGC TCA GGA GGA-3′ (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). The PCR mixture (10 µl) was comprised of 5 µl TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 1 µl cDNA (1:50 dilution) and 2 µl of each forward and reverse primer (1 mM). PCR was performed using the following cycling parameters: Denaturation at 95°C for 5 min in the first cycle and for 30 sec in the second cycle, annealing at 57°C for 30 sec and elongation at 72°C for 30 sec, with a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The β-actin gene was used as an internal control. The PCR products were separated using agarose gel (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) electrophoresis. Data were analyzed by 2−[∆Ct sample − ∆Ct control].

Western blot analysis

The expression of NMIIA in the frozen clinical tissue specimens and cultured cells at 24 h after siRNA transfection was examined using western blot analysis. The tissue specimens and cultured cells were homogenized and lysed with radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), containing 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X-100, 1mM EDTA, 10mM glycerophosphate, 2 mM sodium vandate and protease inhibitor. Protein concentration was determined using a Micro-BCA protein kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA), The protein (40 µg/lane) was then resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Following electrophoresis, the blots were transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were incubated with rabbit polyclonal NMIIA antibody (1:500; cat. no. ab24762; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at 4°C overnight or anti-β-actin mouse monoclonal antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. A1978; clone AC-15; Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C for 2 h. After washing with Tris-buffered saline containing Tween 20, the blots were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (cat. no. sc-2048; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA). In addition, the levels of JNK and c-Jun in SGC-7901 cells were detected by western blot analysis. In this assay, antibodies against phosphorylated (p)-JNK (rabbit monoclonal; cat. no. 4668; clone 81E11; 1:1,500; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) and p-c-Jun (mouse monoclonal; cat. no. 2315; clone L70B11; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), JNK (mouse monoclonal; cat. no. 610627; clone 37/pan-JNK/SAPK1; 1:1,000; BD Transduction Laboratories, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and c-Jun (mouse monoclonal; cat. no. 610327; clone 3/Jun; 1:1,000; BD Transduction Laboratories) were used, which were incubated at 4°C overnight. β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich) were used. All procedures were repeated at least three times. Following antibody incubation, the membranes were washed with Tris-buffered saline containing Tween 20 (pH 7.4) three times. Following enhanced chemiluminescence, the blots were exposed to Kodak X-OMAT BT film (Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA). The bands were visualized using densitometry with Image-Pro Plus version 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA)

Transwell invasion assay

Briefly, 1×104 cells/well in serum-free medium were seeded into the upper chamber of a Transwell plate (cat no. 3422, Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) that was filter-coated with Matrigel (cat no. E1207; Sigma-Aldrich). At the same time, the bottom compartment of the chamber was filled with medium containing 10% FBS as a chemoattractant. After 24 h of incubation at 37°C with 5% CO2, the cells remaining in the upper chamber were carefully removed using a cotton swab and the cells that had transgressed through the Matrigel and were located at the bottom of the membrane were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with hematoxylin. Quantification was performed by counting the number of cells transgressed through the matrigel using an inverted microscope (GX41; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 200× magnification.

Wound-healing assay

Cells were seeded into six-well tissue culture plates at 2×106 cells per well and grown in serum-free RPMI 1640 medium for 24 h to form a confluent monolayer. A wound across the cell monolayer was created using a 100-µl pipette tip (Sinoland, Qingdao, China). Cell migration into the wound area was then inspected under an IX70 inverted phase-contrast microscope (Olympus Corporation) at 100× magnification. The distance of wound closure was calculated for quantitative analysis.

Statistical analysis

Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test was used for comparing significant differences between the means of the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P-value from a two-tailed test of <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant distance between values.

Results

Overexpression of NMIIA in gastric cancer

To investigate the levels of NMIIA expression in gastric cancer, clinical gastric cancer tissue specimens and matched non-tumorous gastric tissue specimens were subjected to western blot analysis. The results showed that the levels of NMIIA protein expression in 51 out of 63 gastric cancer tissue specimens were increased compared to those in their matched non-tumorous gastric tissue specimens. Statistical analysis showed that differences in NMIIA expression between gastric cancer tissues and matched non-tumorous gastric tissues were statistically significant (P<0.001) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 Expression levels of NMIIA in non-tumorous gastric tissues and gastric cancer tissues. (A) Representative western blot showing the levels of NMIIA in non-tumorous gastric tissue and gastric cancer tissue. (B) Relative levels of NMIIA in non-tumorous gastric tissues and gastric cancer tissues determined by densitometric analysis. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. ***P<0.001 vs. non-tumorous cancer tissues. NMIIA, non-muscle myosin IIA.

Suppression of NMIIA expression by RNAi blocks gastric cancer cell migration

As shown in Fig. 2, the MYH9 gene was silenced in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 with specific siRNAs and the levels of NMIIA protein decreased compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). A wound-healing assay was performed to assess the migration capacity of gastric cancer cells. As shown in Fig. 3, knockdown of NMIIA inhibited the migratory capacity of SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells, as indicated by a decreased amount of wound closure of gastric cancer cells following knockdown of the MYH9 gene (P<0.01), indicating that NMIIA is involved gastric cancer cell migration.

Figure 2 Inhibition of NMIIA by RNAi technology. (A) Relative levels of MYH9 mRNA in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells transfected with siRNA-MYH9. (B) Relative levels of NMIIA in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells transfected with siRNA-MYH9. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01, compared with the control. NMIIA, non-muscle myosin II; RNAi, RNA interference; MYH9, gene encoding NMIIA.

Figure 3 Suppression of NMIIA expression by RNAi blocks gastric cancer cell migration. (A) Wound distance of SGC-7901 cells at 0 and 24 h in wound-healing assay. (B) Wound distance of SGC-7901 cells subjected to MYH9-specific RNAi at 0 and 24 h in wound-healing assay. (C) Quantified results showing that the wound distance of SGC-7901 cells subjected to MYH9-specific RNAi was greater than that in the control group at 24 h in the wound-healing assay. (D) Wound distance of MGC-803 cells at 0 and 24 h in the wound-healing assay. (E) Wound distance of MGC-803 cells subjected to MYH9-specific RNAi at 0 and 24 h in wound-healing assay. Magnification, ×100. (F) Quantified results showing that the wound distance of MGC-803 cells subjected to MYH9-specific RNAi was greater than that in the control group at 24 h in the wound-healing assay. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. **P<0.01 vs. control-transfected cells. NMIIA, non-muscle myosin IIA; RNAi, RNA interference; MYH9, gene encoding NMIIA.

Downregulation of NMIIA expression inhibits the invasion of gastric cancer cells

A Matrigel invasion assay was performed to observe the effects of NMIIA knockdown on the invasive capacity of gastric cancer cells. As shown in Fig. 4A and B, knockdown of NMIIA inhibited the number of SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells transgressing though the Matrigel. Quantification of the results showed that NMIIA knockdown significantly reduced the invasive capacities of the two cell lines (P<0.01) (Fig. 4C).

Figure 4 Downregulation of NMIIA expression inhibits invasion of gastric cancer cells. (A) Comparison of the number of SGC-7901 cells transfected with control siRNA or MYH9-specific siRNA transgressed through Matrigel. (B) Comparison of the number of MGC-803 cells transfected with control siRNA or MYH9-specific siRNA transgressed through Matrigel. Cells were stained with hematoxylin (magnification, ×200). (C) Quantification of cell invasion demonstrated that RNAi reduced invasion of gastric cancer cells. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. **P<0.01 vs. control-transfected group. NMIIA, non-muscle myosin IIA; RNAi, RNA interference; MYH9, gene encoding NMIIA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; Con, control cells transfected with scramble siRNA.

NMIIA is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway

The levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun in SGC-7901 cells were detected using western blot analysis prior to and following knockdown of NMIIA expression by siRNA. The results showed that the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun in SGC-7901 cells were high. However, after inhibition of NMIIA expression by siRNA, the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun were significantly decreased (P<0.05), which indicated that NMIIA is an activator of JNK and c-Jun (Fig. 5).

Figure 5 Downregulation of NMIIA expression blocks the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. (A) Representative western blots showing levels of JNK, p-JNK, c-Jun and p-c-Jun in SGC-7901 cells transfected with control siRNA or MYH9-specific siRNA. (B) Quantification of the blots showed that downregulation of NMIIA decreased the levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments. *P<0.05 vs. control. NMIIA, non-muscle myosin IIA; p-JNK, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase; RNAi RNA interference; MYH9, gene encoding NMIIA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; Con, control cells transfected with scramble siRNA.

Discussion

Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancer types in the world (13). The mechanisms responsible for the occurrence, development and prognosis of gastric cancer have been investigated from various perspectives. For instance, Wang et al (3) investigated the underlying regulatory signaling pathways in gastric cancer by integrating gene expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory element databases, showing that the five transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, nuclear factor-κB1, breast cancer 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT1 were able to regulate 82 differentially-expressed genes in gastric cancer. In addition, these genes formed 95 regulation modes, among which MMP1, TIMP1, TLR2, FCGR3A, IRF1, FAS and TFF3 were central genes that were simultaneously regulated by at least two of these five transcription factors, and were associated with hypoxia, inflammation and immune disorders. In addition, a recent study revealed that the expression of CXC motif receptor 1 and 2 proteins promoted MMP-9 expression by activating JNK/c-Jun and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Ets-1 pathways, resulting in a more aggressive phenotype in gastric cancer cells (12). The present study examined the effects of NMIIA on the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells, based on previous evidence showing that NMIIA was overexpressed in certain types of cancer (7,9,10). The results of the present study showed that NMIIA was overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues, which was consistent with the results of a previous study (6).

JNK, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that regulates a range of pathological processes involved in tumor and brain development and neurological disorders (14), is encoded by three genes: JNK1 and 2, which are ubiquitously expressed, and JNK3, which is restricted to the testis, heart and brain (15,16). The functions of JNK isoforms in diseases have been most thoroughly demonstrated in cancer (14). According to previous studies, JNK1 deficiency significantly decreased hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model (17), while JNK2 was shown to act as a tumor promoter in skin cancer formation (18). A number of studies have explored the JNK signaling pathway in gastric cancer. When SGC-7901 cells were treated with vitamin E succinate, transforming growth factor-β was activated, which in turn increased the activity of JNK, which then induced c-Jun phosphorylation; finally, p-c-Jun initiated apoptosis of gastric cancer cells (19). Similarly, the antioxidant analogue α-tocopheryl succinate induced apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and JNK via c-Jun in the gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 (20). In addition, the fact that the specific JNK inhibitor SP-600125 inhibited cell viability, induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells was most likely associated with its inhibition of JNK2 phosphorylation, which attenuated the JNK signaling pathway (21). The present study found that knockdown of NMIIA inhibited the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, while simultaneously decreasing the protein levels of JNK and c-Jun as well.

It is known that JNK is able to phosphorylate c-Jun on serines 63 and 73 at the N-terminal activating sites, which leads to increased stability of c-Jun and an increase in its transactivation potential and DNA-binding affinity (22–24). The results of the present study indicated that NMIIA inhibited the activation of JNK, resulting in the inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation, which, in turn, attenuated the migratory and invasive capacities of gastric cancer cells. In fact, the JNK signaling pathway is involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells, which has been demonstrated by various studies on the basis of a range of in vivo and in vitro experimental models. For instance, isoliquiritigenin decreases the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun and certain other regulatory factors, which inhibits the migration, adhesion and invasion of prostate cancer cells.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that NMIIA was overexpressed in gastric cancer and knockdown of NMIIA by RNAi inhibited the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro, which may proceed via the JNK signaling pathway. The present study may be useful for the development of novel strategies for the clinical control of gastric cancer metastasis.

References