Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
April-2016 Volume 13 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2016 Volume 13 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Concettina Fenga
    • Silvia Gangemi
    • Chiara Costa
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
  • Pages: 3401-3405
    |
    Published online on: March 1, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4955
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Benzene is a volatile aromatic hydrocarbon solvent and is known as one of the predominant air pollutants in the environment. Chronic exposure to benzene is known to cause aplastic anemia and increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. Although the mechanisms by which benzene causes toxicity remain to be fully elucidated, it is widely accepted that its metabolism is crucial to its toxicity, with involvement of one or more reactive metabolites. Novel approaches aimed at evaluating different mechanisms by which benzene can impact on human health by altering gene regulation have been developed. Among these novel approaches, epigenetics appears to be promising. The present review article summarizes the most important findings, reported from the literature, on epigenetic modifications correlated to benzene exposure. A computerized search in PubMed was performed in November 2014, using search terms, including 'benzene', 'epigenetic', 'histone modifications', 'DNA methylation' and 'microRNA'. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated the potential epigenetic effects of benzene exposure. Several of the epigenomic changes observed in response to environmental exposures may be mechanistically associated with susceptibility to diseases. However, further elucidation of the mechanisms by which benzene alters gene expression may improve prediction of the toxic potential of novel compounds introduced into the environment, and allow for more targeted and appropriate disease prevention strategies.
View Figures
View References

1 

Rappaport SM, Kim S, Thomas R, Johnson BA, Bois FY and Kupper LL: Low-dose metabolism of benzene in humans: Science and obfuscation. Carcinogenesis. 34:2–9. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

2 

Wiwanitkit V: Classification of risk occupation for benzene exposure by urine trans, trans-muconic acid level. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 7:149–150. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Williams PR, Robinson K and Paustenbach DJ: Benzene exposures associated with tasks performed on marine vessels (circa 1975 to 2000). J Occup Environ Hyg. 2:586–599. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Wang L, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Wong O, Armstrong T, Schnatter AR, Wu Q, Fang J, Ye X, Fu H and Irons RD: Benzene exposure in the shoemaking industry in China, a literature survey, 1978–2004. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 46:149–156. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mitacek EJ, Brunnemann KD, Polednak AP, Limsila T, Bhothisuwan K and Hummel CF: Rising leukemia rates in Thailand: The possible role of benzene and related compounds in cigarette smoke. Oncol Rep. 9:1399–1403. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Harley RA, Hooper DS, Kean AJ, Kirchstetter TW, Hesson JM, Balberan NT, Stevenson ED and Kendall GR: Effects of reformulated gasoline and motor vehicle fleet turnover on emissions and ambient concentrations of benzene. Environ Sci Technol. 40:5084–5088. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Wallace LA: Environmental exposure to benzene. An update. Environ Health Perspect. 104(Suppl 6): S1129–S1136. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Pyatt D: Benzene and hematopoietic malignancies. Clin Occup Environ Med. 4:529–555. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Smith MT, Jones RM and Smith AH: Benzene exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16:385–391. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lagorio S, Ferrante D, Ranucci A, Negri S, Sacco P, Rondelli R, Cannizzaro S, Torregrossa MV, Cocco P, Forastiere F, et al: Exposure to benzene and childhood leukaemia: A pilot case-control study. BMJ Open. 3:e0022752013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Snyder R: Leukemia and benzene. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9:2875–2893. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Glass DC, Gray CN, Jolley DJ, Gibbons C, Sim MR, Fritschi L, Adams GG, Bisby JA and Manuell R: Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology. 14:569–577. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Khalade A, Jaakkola MS, Pukkala E and Jaakkola JJ: Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health. 9:312010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Smith MT: Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility. Annu Rev Public Health. 31:133–148. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Hatzi VI, Terzoudi GI, Pantelias GE, Spiliopoulou C and Makropoulos V: The benzene metabolite hydroquinone enhances G2-chromosomal radiosensitivity by inducing a less-efficient G2-M-checkpoint in irradiated lymphocytes. Int J Oncol. 31:145–152. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Melikian AA, Chen KM, Li H, Sodum R, Fiala E and El-Bayoumy K: The role of nitric oxide on DNA damage induced by benzene metabolites. Oncol Rep. 19:1331–1337. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Snyder R and Hedli CC: An overview of benzene metabolism. Environ Health Perspect. 104(Suppl 6): S1165–S1171. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Irons RD, Dent JG, Baker TS and Rickert DE: Benzene is metabolized and covalently bound in bone marrow in situ. Chem Biol Interact. 30:241–245. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Subrahmanyam VV, Kolachana P and Smith MT: Hydroxylation of phenol to hydroquinone catalyzed by a human myeloperoxidase-superoxide complex: possible implications in benzene-induced myelotoxicity. Free Radic Res Commun. 15:285–296. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Subrahmanyam VV, Ross D, Eastmond DA and Smith MT: Potential role of free radicals in benzene-induced myelo-toxicity and leukemia. Free Radic Biol Med. 11:495–515. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Snyder R, Witz G and Goldstein BD: The toxicology of benzene. Environ Health Perspect. 100:293–306. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Costa C, Pupo C, Viscomi G, Catania S, Salemi M and Imperatore C: Modifications in the metabolic pathways of benzene in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Arch Toxicol. 73:301–306. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

McHale CM, Zhang L and Smith MT: Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis. 33:240–252. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

24 

Badham HJ and Winn LM: In utero and in vitro effects of benzene and its metabolites on erythroid differentiation and the role of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 244:273–279. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Bogadi-Sare A, Zavalic M, Trosić I, Turk R, Kontosić I and Jelcić I: Study of some immunological parameters in workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 73:397–400. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bahadar H, Mostafalou S and Abdollahi M: Current understandings and perspectives on non-cancer health effects of benzene: A global concern. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 276:83–94. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Reutman SR, LeMasters GK, Knecht EA, Shukla R, Lockey JE, Burroughs GE and Kesner JS: Evidence of reproductive endocrine effects in women with occupational fuel and solvent exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 110:805–811. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Stein RA: Epigenetics and environmental exposures. J Epidemiol Community Health. 66:8–13. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Christensen BC and Marsit CJ: Epigenomics in environmental health. Front Genet. 2:842011. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Hou L, Zhang X, Wang D and Baccarelli A: Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. Int J Epidemiol. 41:79–105. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Baccarelli A and Bollati V: Epigenetics and environmental chemicals. Curr Opin Pediatr. 21:243–251. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Kim M, Bae M, Na H and Yang M: Environmental toxicants-induced epigenetic alterations and their reversers. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 30:323–367. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Anway MD and Skinner MK: Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors. Endocrinology. 147(Suppl 6): S43–S49. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Dolinoy DC and Jirtle RL: Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease. Environ Mol Mutagen. 49:4–8. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Chen QW, Zhu XY, Li YY and Meng ZQ: Epigenetic regulation and cancer (review). Oncol Rep. 31:523–532. 2014.

36 

Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N and Csoka AB: Epigenetics across the human lifespan. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2:492014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kouzarides T: Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell. 128:693–705. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hou L, Wang D and Baccarelli A: Environmental chemicals and microRNAs. Mutat Res. 714:105–112. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kitade Y and Akao Y: MicroRNAs and their therapeutic potential for human diseases: Micrornas, miR-143 and -145, function as anti-oncomirs and the application of chemically modified miR-143 as an anti-cancer drug. J Pharmacol Sci. 114:276–280. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zhang Y, Wang Z and Gemeinhart RA: Progress in microRNA delivery. J Control Release. 172:962–974. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Bollati V, Baccarelli A, Hou L, Bonzini M, Fustinoni S, Cavallo D, Byun HM, Jiang J, Marinelli B, Pesatori AC, et al: Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res. 67:876–880. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Bollati V, Baccarelli A, Hou L, Bonzini M, Fustinoni S, Cavallo D, Byun HM, Jiang J, Marinelli B, Pesatori AC, et al: Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res. 67:876–880. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Fustinoni S, Bollati V and Bertazzi PA: Epigenic modifications associated with low benzene exposure. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 35:263–267. 2013.In Italian. PubMed/NCBI

44 

Zhang L, McHale CM, Rothman N, Li G, Ji Z, Vermeulen R, Hubbard AE, Ren X, Shen M, Rappaport SM, et al: Systems biology of human benzene exposure. Chem Biol Interact. 184:86–93. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

45 

Xing C, Wang QF, Li B, Tian H, Ni Y, Yin S and Li G: Methylation and expression analysis of tumor suppressor genes p15 and p16 in benzene poisoning. Chem Biol Interact. 184:306–309. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Hu J, Ma H, Zhang W, Yu Z, Sheng G and Fu J: Effects of benzene and its metabolites on global DNA methylation in human normal hepatic L02 cells. Environ Toxicol. 29:108–116. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Yang J, Bai W, Niu P, Tian L and Gao A: Aberrant hypo-methylated STAT3 was identified as a biomarker of chronic benzene poisoning through integrating DNA methylation and mRNA expression data. Exp Mol Pathol. 96:346–353. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Williams KE, Carver TA, Miranda JJ, Kautiainen A, Vogel JS, Dingley K, Baldwin MA, Turteltaub KW and Burlingame AL: Attomole detection of in vivo protein targets of benzene in mice: Evidence for a highly reactive metabolite. Mol Cell Proteomics. 1:885–895. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Liu Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Cao J, Zhong L, Ding L, Liu J and Zhu B: Screening and analysis of plasma microRNA profile in benzene exposed workers. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing ZaZhi. 32:511–515. 2014.In Chinese.

50 

Bai W, Chen Y, Yang J, Niu P, Tian L and Gao A: Aberrant miRNA profiles associated with chronic benzene poisoning. Exp Mol Pathol. 96:426–430. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Wang F, Li C, Liu W and Jin Y: Modulation of microRNA expression by volatile organic compounds in mouse lung. Environ Toxicol. 29:679–689. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Herberth G, Bauer M, Gasch M, Hinz D, Röder S, Olek S, Kohajda T, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, Sack U, et al: Maternal and cord blood miR-223 expression associates with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and low regulatory T-cell numbers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 133:543–550. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Fenga C, Gangemi S and Costa C: Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review). Mol Med Rep 13: 3401-3405, 2016.
APA
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., & Costa, C. (2016). Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 3401-3405. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4955
MLA
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., Costa, C."Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.4 (2016): 3401-3405.
Chicago
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., Costa, C."Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 4 (2016): 3401-3405. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4955
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fenga C, Gangemi S and Costa C: Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review). Mol Med Rep 13: 3401-3405, 2016.
APA
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., & Costa, C. (2016). Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 3401-3405. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4955
MLA
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., Costa, C."Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.4 (2016): 3401-3405.
Chicago
Fenga, C., Gangemi, S., Costa, C."Benzene exposure is associated with epigenetic changes (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 4 (2016): 3401-3405. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4955
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team