Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 13 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 13 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease

  • Authors:
    • Xicui Sun
    • Dongzhi Ran
    • Xiaofeng Zhao
    • Yi Huang
    • Simei Long
    • Fengyin Liang
    • Wenyuan Guo
    • Frederick C. Nucifora
    • Huaiyu Gu
    • Xilin Lu
    • Ling Chen
    • Jinsheng Zeng
    • Christopher A. Ross
    • Zhong Pei
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, Key Laboratory, Liaocheng Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
  • Pages: 3936-3944
    |
    Published online on: March 16, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4991
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Sleep problems are the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), and are more difficult to treat than the motor symptoms. In the current study, the role of human leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (hLRRK2), the most common genetic cause of PD, was investigated with regards to sleep problems, and the therapeutic potential of melatonin in hLRRK2‑associated sleep problems was explored in Drosophila. hLRRK2 was selectively expressed in the mushroom bodies (MBs) in Drosophila and sleep patterns were measured using the Drosophila Activity Monitoring System. MB expression of hLRRK2 resulted in sleep problems, presynaptic dysfunction as evidenced by reduced miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) frequency, and excessive synaptic plasticity such as increased axon bouton density. Treatment with melatonin at 4 mM significantly attenuated the sleep problems and rescued the reduction in mEPSC and EPSP frequency in the hLRRK2 transgenic flies. The present study demonstrates that MB expression of hLRRK2 in flies recapitulates the clinical features of the sleep disturbances in PD, and that melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disorders and synaptic dysfunction, suggesting the therapeutic potential of melatonin in PD patients carrying LRRK2 mutations.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN and Braak E: Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 24:197–211. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Dauer W and Przedborski S: Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and models. Neuron. 39:889–909. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Parkinson J: An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 14:223–236; discussion 222. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Comella CL: Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease: An overview. Mov Disord. 22(Suppl 17): S367–S373. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Van Hilten JJ, Weggeman M, Van der Velde EA, Kerkhof GA, Van Dijk JG and Roos RA: Sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 5:235–244. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Mehta SH, Morgan JC and Sethi KD: Sleep disorders associated with Parkinson's disease: Role of dopamine, epidemiology and clinical scales of assessment. CNS Spectr. 13(3 Suppl 4): 6S–11S. 2008.

7 

Nausieda PA, Weiner WJ, Kaplan LR, Weber S and Klawans HL: Sleep disruption in the course of chronic levodopa therapy: An early feature of the levodopa psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 5:183–194. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cookson MR: The role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11:791–797. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Greggio E and Cookson MR: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations and Parkinson's disease: Three questions. ASN Neuro. 1:e000022009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Paisán-Ruı́z C, Jain S, Evans EW, Gilks WP, Simón J, van der Brug M, López de Munain A, Aparicio S, Gil AM, Khan N, et al: Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson's disease. Neuron. 44:595–600. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Zimprich A, Müller-Myhsok B, Farrer M, Leitner P, Sharma M, Hulihan M, Lockhart P, Strongosky A, Kachergus J, Calne DB, et al: The PARK8 locus in autosomal dominant parkinsonism: Confirmation of linkage and further delineation of the disease-containing interval. Am J Hum Genet. 74:11–19. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Berg D, Schweitzer KJ, Leitner P, Zimprich A, Lichtner P, Belcredi P, Brüssel T, Schulte C, Maass S, Nägele T, et al: Type and frequency of mutations in the LRRK2 gene in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease*. Brain. 128:3000–3011. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Dawson TM, Ko HS and Dawson VL: Genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuron. 66:646–661. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Harbison ST and Sehgal A: Quantitative genetic analysis of sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 178:2341–2360. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Huber R, Hill SL, Holladay C, Biesiadecki M, Tononi G and Cirelli C: Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Sleep. 27:628–639. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Koh K, Evans JM, Hendricks JC and Sehgal A: A Drosophila model for age-associated changes in sleep: Wake cycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:13843–13847. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Mackay TF and Anholt RR: Of flies and man: Drosophila as a model for human complex traits. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 7:339–367. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Li T, Yang D, Sushchky S, Liu Z and Smith WW: Models for LRRK2-linked parkinsonism. Parkinsons Dis. 2011:9424122011.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Liu Z, Wang X, Yu Y, Li X, Wang T, Jiang H, Ren Q, Jiao Y, Sawa A, Moran T, et al: A Drosophila model for LRRK2-linked parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:2693–2698. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lee SB, Kim W, Lee S and Chung J: Loss of LRRK2/PARK8 induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 358:534–539. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Joiner WJ, Crocker A, White BH and Sehgal A: Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodies. Nature. 441:757–760. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pitman JL, McGill JJ, Keegan KP and Allada R: A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila. Nature. 441:753–756. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fertl E, Auff E, Doppelbauer A and Waldhauser F: Circadian secretion pattern of melatonin in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 3:41–47. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Olakowska E, Marcol W, Kotulska K and Lewin-Kowalik J: The role of melatonin in the neurodegenerative diseases. Bratisl Lek Listy. 106:171–174. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Polimeni G, Esposito E, Bevelacqua V, Guarneri C and Cuzzocrea S: Role of melatonin supplementation in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 19:429–446. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gu H and O'Dowd DK: Whole cell recordings from brain of adult Drosophila. J Vis Exp. 6:2482007.

27 

Thaler A, Ash E, Gan-Or Z, Orr-Urtreger A and Giladi N: The LRRK2 G2019S mutation as the cause of Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews. J Neural Transm. 116:1473–1482. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Kumar S, Bhatia M and Behari M: Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 17:775–781. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Stacy M: Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease: epidemiology and management. Drugs Aging. 19:733–739. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Friedman A: Sleep pattern in Parkinson's disease. Acta Med Pol. 21:193–199. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Friedman JH and Chou KL: Sleep and fatigue in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 10(Suppl 1): S27–S35. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yu SY, Sun L, Liu Z, Huang XY, Zuo LJ, Cao CJ, Zhang W and Wang XM: Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features, iron metabolism and related mechanism. PLoS One. 8:e829242013. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Cirelli C: The genetic and molecular regulation of sleep: From fruit flies to humans. Nat Rev Neurosci. 10:549–560. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Comella CL, Tanner CM and Ristanovic RK: Polysomnographic sleep measures in Parkinson's disease patients with treatment-induced hallucinations. Ann Neurol. 34:710–714. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ozekmekçi S, Apaydin H and Kiliç E: Clinical features of 35 patients with Parkinson's disease displaying REM behavior disorder. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 107:306–309. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Poryazova R, Oberholzer M, Baumann CR and Bassetti CL: REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A questionnaire-based survey. J Clin Sleep Med. 9:55–59A. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Piccoli G, Condliffe SB, Bauer M, Giesert F, Boldt K, De Astis S, Meixner A, Sarioglu H, Vogt-Weisenhorn DM, Wurst W, et al: LRRK2 controls synaptic vesicle storage and mobilization within the recycling pool. J Neurosci. 31:2225–2237. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Tononi G and Cirelli C: Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: A hypothesis. Brain Res Bull. 62:143–150. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Rosales-Corral SA, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Manchester LC, Fuentes-Broto L, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Tan DX and Reiter RJ: Alzheimer's disease: Pathological mechanisms and the beneficial role of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 52:167–202. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Tarasenko A, Krupko O and Himmelreich N: Reactive oxygen species induced by presynaptic glutamate receptor activation is involved in [(3)H]GABA release from rat brain cortical nerve terminals. Neurochem Int. 61:1044–1051. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Giniatullin AR, Darios F, Shakirzyanova A, Davletov B and Giniatullin R: SNAP25 is a pre-synaptic target for the depressant action of reactive oxygen species on transmitter release. J Neurochem. 98:1789–1797. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sun X, Ran D, Zhao X, Huang Y, Long S, Liang F, Guo W, Nucifora FC, Gu H, Lu X, Lu X, et al: Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 13: 3936-3944, 2016.
APA
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F. ... Pei, Z. (2016). Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 3936-3944. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4991
MLA
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F., Guo, W., Nucifora, F. C., Gu, H., Lu, X., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Ross, C. A., Pei, Z."Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.5 (2016): 3936-3944.
Chicago
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F., Guo, W., Nucifora, F. C., Gu, H., Lu, X., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Ross, C. A., Pei, Z."Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 5 (2016): 3936-3944. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4991
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sun X, Ran D, Zhao X, Huang Y, Long S, Liang F, Guo W, Nucifora FC, Gu H, Lu X, Lu X, et al: Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 13: 3936-3944, 2016.
APA
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F. ... Pei, Z. (2016). Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 3936-3944. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4991
MLA
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F., Guo, W., Nucifora, F. C., Gu, H., Lu, X., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Ross, C. A., Pei, Z."Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.5 (2016): 3936-3944.
Chicago
Sun, X., Ran, D., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Long, S., Liang, F., Guo, W., Nucifora, F. C., Gu, H., Lu, X., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Ross, C. A., Pei, Z."Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 5 (2016): 3936-3944. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4991
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team