Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
September-2016 Volume 14 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2016 Volume 14 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins

  • Authors:
    • Yan Huang
    • Qiang Du
    • Weibao Wu
    • Feifei She
    • Yanling Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2573-2581
    |
    Published online on: July 19, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5532
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

As a highly conserved metabolic pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway is involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and several other processes. In normal cells, this pathway is suppressed, and abnormal activation is often associated with tumor occurrence and development. In certain types of tumor, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF‑1), an inhibitor of the Wnt pathway, inhibits tumor growth. However, the effect of the expression of WIF-1 on gallbladder cancer remains to be fully elucidated. In the current study, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were conducted. The present study demonstrated that, in gallbladder cancer, WIF‑1 generally exhibited low levels of expression as a result of gene promoter methylation. Treatment with the drug, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, increased the expression of WIF‑1 in the GBC‑SD gallbladder cell line. In addition, a WIF‑1‑expression plasmid was transfected into GBC‑SD cells, and it was found that cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis declined significantly, whereas the apoptotic rate increased. A nude mouse tumor transplantation experiment showed that the oncogenicity of the GBC‑SD cells expressing WIF‑1 was substantially lower, compared with that of the untransfected GBC‑SD cells and of GBD‑SD cells expressing the control plasmid. A fluorescent protein chip experiment showed that the restored expression of WIF‑1 affected the expression of several cellular proteins. These alterations may explain the different biological behavior of the tumor cells expressing WIF‑1. As an effective inhibitory factor of the Wnt signaling pathway, WIF‑1 modulated the expression of proteins controlling the proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of gallbladder tumor cells, thus suppressing the tumor. Therefore, WIF‑1 may be an effective treatment target for gallbladder cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Donohue JH, Stewart AK and Menck HR: The national cancer data base report on carcinoma of the gallbladder, 1989–1995. Cancer. 83:2618–2628. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Coburn NG, Cleary SP, Tan JC and Law CH: Surgery for gallbladder cancer: A population-based analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 207:371–382. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhu AX, Hong TS, Hezel AF and Kooby DA: Current management of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncologist. 15:168–181. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Nusse R and Varmus HE: Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 31:99–109. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wodarz A and Nusse R: Mechanisms of Wnt signaling in development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 14:59–88. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Clevers H: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell. 127:469–480. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Taketo MM: Wnt signaling and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in mouse models. Oncogene. 25:7522–7530. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Van Scoyk M, Randall J, Sergew A, Williams LM, Tennis M and Winn RA: Wnt signaling pathway and lung disease. Transl Res. 151:175–180. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Karamboulas C and Ailles L: Developmental signaling pathways in cancer stem cells of solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1830:2481–2495. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Hsieh JC, Kodjabachian L, Rebbert ML, Rattner A, Smallwood PM, Samos CH, Nusse R, Dawid IB and Nathans J: A new secreted protein that binds to Wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. Nature. 398:431–436. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Liepinsh E, Bányai L, Patthy L and Otting G: NMR structure of the WIF domain of the human Wnt-inhibitory factor-1. J Mol Biol. 357:942–950. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kawano Y and Kypta R: Secreted antagonists of the Wnt signaling pathway. J Cell Sci. 116:2627–2634. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Kim AS, Lowenstein DH and Pleasure SJ: Wnt receptors and Wnt inhibitors are expressed in gradients in the developing telencephalon. Mech Dev. 103:167–172. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wissmann C, Wild PJ, Kaiser S, Roepcke S, Stoehr R, Woenckhaus M, Kristiansen G, Hsieh JC, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A, et al: WIF1, a component of the Wnt pathway, is downregulated in prostate, breast, lung and bladder cancer. J Pathol. 201:204–212. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Licchesi JD, Westra WH, Hooker CM, Machida EO, Baylin SB and Herman JG: Epigenetic alteration of Wnt pathway antagonists in progressive glandular neoplasia of the lung. Carcinogenesis. 29:895–904. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Byun T, Karimi M, Marsh JL, Milovanovic T, Lin F and Holcombe RF: Expression of secreted Wnt antagonists in gastrointestinal tissues: Potential role in stem cell homeostasis. J Clin Pathol. 58:515–519. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, Grigg GW, Molloy PL and Paul CL: A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1827–1831. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Behrens J and Lustig B: The Wnt connection to tumorigenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 48:477–487. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Taniguchi H, Yamamoto H, Hirata T, Miyamoto N, Oki M, Nosho K, Adachi Y, Endo T, Imai K and Shinomura Y: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 in human gastrointestinal cancers. Oncogene. 24:7946–7952. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Schroeder M and Mass MJ: CpG methylation inactivates the transcriptional activity of the promoter of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 235:403–406. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Holmes R and Soloway PD: Regulation of imprinted DNA methylation. Cytogenet Genome Res. 113:122–129. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Das PM and Singal R: DNA methylation and cancer. J Clin Oncol. 22:4632–4642. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Batra S, Shi Y, Kuchenbecker KM, He B, Reguart N, Mikami I, You L, Xu Z, Lin YC, Clément G and Jablons DM: Wnt inhibitory factor-1, a Wnt antagonist, is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 342:1228–1232. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Wang Y, Zhu CS, Bi KH, Xu WW, Dong L and Hou M: Study of WIF-1 promoter methylation with expressions of β-catenin in acute leukemia. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 91:2858–2860. 2011.In Chinese.

25 

Alvarez C, Tapia T, Cornejo V, Fernandez W, Muñoz A, Camus M, Alvarez M, Devoto L and Carvallo P: Silencing of tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A, SLIT2 and WIF1 by promoter hypermethylation in hereditary breast cancer. Mol Carcinog. 52:475–487. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Chan SL, Cui Y, van Hasselt A, Li H, Srivastava G, Jin H, Ng KM, Wang Y, Lee KY, Tsao GS, et al: The tumor suppressor Wnt inhibitory factor 1 is frequently methylated in nasopharyngeal and esophageal carcinomas. Lab Invest. 87:644–650. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Palmisano WA, Divine KK, Saccomanno G, Gilliland FD, Baylin SB, Herman JG and Belinsky SA: Predicting lung cancer by detecting aberrant promoter methylation in sputum. Cancer Res. 60:5954–5958. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Palmisano WA, Michels R, Saccomanno G, Gabrielson E, Baylin SB and Herman JG: Aberrant methylation of p16 (INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:11891–11896. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Bryan J, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G and Jabbour E: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of decitabine for the treatment of leukemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 7:661–672. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gollob JA, Sciambi CJ, Peterson BL, Richmond T, Thoreson M, Moran K, Dressman HK, Jelinek J and Issa JP: Phase I trial of sequential low-dose 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine plus high-dose intravenous bolus interleukin-2 in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 12:4619–4627. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Kawakami K, Hirata H, Yamamura S, Kikuno N, Saini S, Majid S, Tanaka Y, Kawamoto K, Enokida H, Nakagawa M and Dahiya R: Functional significance of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 gene in kidney cancer. Cancer Res. 69:8603–8610. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Rubin EM, Guo Y, Tu K, Xie J, Zi X and Hoang BH: Wnt inhibitory factor 1 decreases tumorigenesis and metastasis in osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 9:731–741. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Wu J, Fang J, Yang Z, Chen F, Liu J and Wang Y: Wnt inhibitory factor-1 regulates glioblastoma cell cycle and proliferation. J Clin Neurosci. 19:1428–1432. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kaushik SP: Current perspectives in gallbladder carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16:848–854. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Benaud C, Dickson RB and Thompson EW: Roles of the matrix metalloproteinases in mammary gland development and cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 50:97–116. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Kim HB, Kim CK, Iijima K, Kobayashi T and Kita H: Protein microarray analysis in patients with asthma: Elevation of the chemokine PARC/CCL18 in sputum. Chest. 135:295–302. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Wu DJ, Qian MJ, Rong RM, Xu M and Zhu TY: Expression of inflammation cytokines and network analysis in acute rejection of renal transplantation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 92:2976–2979. 2012.In Chinese.

38 

Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Kitagaki J, Koyama E, Tamamura Y, Wu C, Kanatani N, Koike T, Okada H, Komori T, Yoneda T, et al: The Wnt antagonist Frzb-1 regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development during limb skeletogenesis. Dev Biol. 251:142–156. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Dun Y, Yang Y, Xiong Z, Feng M, Zhang Y, Wang M, Xiang J, Li G and Ma R: Induction of Dickkopf-1 contributes to the neurotoxicity of MPP (+) in PC12 cells via inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology. 67:168–175. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Chen B, Ma X, Liu S, Zhao W and Wu J: Inhibition of lung cancer cells growth, motility and induction of apoptosis by Klotho, a novel secreted Wnt antagonist, in a dose-dependent manner. Cancer Biol Ther. 13:1221–1228. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Huang Y, Du Q, Wu W, She F and Chen Y: Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins. Mol Med Rep 14: 2573-2581, 2016.
APA
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., & Chen, Y. (2016). Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 2573-2581. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5532
MLA
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., Chen, Y."Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.3 (2016): 2573-2581.
Chicago
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., Chen, Y."Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 3 (2016): 2573-2581. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5532
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Huang Y, Du Q, Wu W, She F and Chen Y: Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins. Mol Med Rep 14: 2573-2581, 2016.
APA
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., & Chen, Y. (2016). Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 2573-2581. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5532
MLA
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., Chen, Y."Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.3 (2016): 2573-2581.
Chicago
Huang, Y., Du, Q., Wu, W., She, F., Chen, Y."Rescued expression of WIF-1 in gallbladder cancer inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor cell apoptosis with altered expression of proteins". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 3 (2016): 2573-2581. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5532
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team