Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
September-2016 Volume 14 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2016 Volume 14 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells

  • Authors:
    • Chanchan Chen
    • Nan Xie
    • Junqi Ling
    • Yu Du
    • Haijing Gu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Research Institute of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China, Department of Oral Pathology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Research Institute of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Research Institute of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2405-2414
    |
    Published online on: July 28, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5567
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tooth eruption is a complex physiological process involving both osteogenesis and bone resorption. Signals from the dental follicle (DF) regulate bone remodeling during tooth eruption. Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) may be the initial promoter of tooth eruption, whereas colony‑stimulating factor‑1 (CSF‑1) may attract monocytes into the DF and stimulate osteoclast differentiation. In the present study, differential proteomics was employed to explore protein changes in rat DF cells (DFCs) under the effects of CSF‑1 and IL‑1α. A total of 47 protein spots were differentially expressed in rat DFCs, and 40 protein spots were identified by MALDI‑TOF‑MS. The identified proteins were grouped into functional categories including cytoskeletal proteins, metal‑binding proteins, proteins involved in secretion and degradation, cell cycle proteins and stress proteins. In IL‑1α‑induced rat DFCs, 31 proteins were upregulated compared with the control and included heat shock protein β‑1 (HSP25, also known as HSP27/HSPβ1), vimentin, TMEM43, the GTP‑binding protein Rab‑3D, 6‑pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase and actin. In total, 7 proteins were downregulated, including serum albumin, GIPC1, DNA primase large subunit, cullin‑5 and cyclin‑G1. In CSF‑1‑induced rat DFCs, 3 proteins were upregulated and 7 proteins were downregulated when compared with the controls. The upregulated proteins included the GTP‑binding protein Rab‑3D and α‑actin. The downregulated proteins included cullin‑5, serum albumin, PDZ domain‑containing protein and cyclin‑G1. The differential expression of vimentin, actin, HSP25 and Rab‑3D was verified by western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. The present findings provide an insight into the mechanisms involved in tooth eruption.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Wise GE: Cellular and molecular basis of tooth eruption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 12:67–73. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ten Cate AR: The development of the periodontium-a largely ectomesenchymally derived unit. Periodontol 2000. 13:9–19. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lee HS, Lee J, Kim SO, Song JS, Lee JH, Lee SI, Jung HS and Choi BJ: Comparative gene-expression analysis of the dental follicle and periodontal ligament in humans. PLoS One. 8:e842012013. View Article : Google Scholar :

4 

Wise GE and Fan W: Changes in the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase cell population in dental follicles and bony crypts of rat molars during tooth eruption. J Dent Res. 68:150–156. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Bradaschia-Correa V, Moreira MM and Arana-Chavez VE: Reduced RANKL expression impedes osteoclast activation and tooth eruption in alendronate-treated rats. Cell Tissue Res. 353:79–86. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wise GE, Lin F and Zhao L: Transcription and translation of CSF-1 in the dental follicle. J Dent Res. 74:1551–1557. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Que BG and Wise GE: Colony-stimulating factor-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 chemotaxis for monocytes in the rat dental follicle. Arch Oral Biol. 42:855–860. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Wise GE, Frazier-Bowers S and D'Souza RN: Cellular, molecular, and genetic determinants of tooth eruption. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 13:323–334. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Neves JS, Salmon CR, Omar NF, Narvaes EA, Gomes JR and Novaes PD: Immunolocalization of CSF-1, RANKL and OPG in the enamel-related periodontium of the rat incisor and their implications for alveolar bone remodeling. Arch Oral Biol. 54:651–657. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Van Wesenbeeck L, Odgren PR, MacKay CA, D'Angelo M, Safadi FF, Popoff SN, Van Hul W and Marks SC Jr: The osteopetrotic mutation toothless (tl) is a loss-of-function frameshift mutation in the rat Csf1 gene: Evidence of a crucial role for CSF-1 in osteoclastogenesis and endochondral ossification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:14303–14308. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Huang H and Wise GE: Delay of tooth eruption in null mice devoid of the type I IL-1R gene. Eur J Oral Sci. 108:297–302. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Vollkommer T, Gosau M, Felthaus O, Reichert TE, Morsczeck C and Götz W: Genome-wide gene expression profiles of dental follicle stem cells. Acta Odontol Scand. 73:93–100. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Morsczeck C, Schmalz G, Reichert TE, Völlner F, Saugspier M, Viale-Bouroncle S and Driemel O: Gene expression profiles of dental follicle cells before and after osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Clin Oral Invest. 13:383–391. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Morsczeck C, Petersen J, Völlner F, Driemel O, Reichert T and Beck HC: Proteomic analysis of osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle precursor cells. Electrophoresis. 30:1175–1184. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Du Y, Ling J, Wei X, Ning Y, Xie N, Gu H and Yang F: Wnt/β-catenin signaling participates in cementoblast/osteoblast differentiation of dental follicle cells. Connect Tissue Res. 53:390–397. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Wei X, Wu L, Ling J, Liu L, Liu S, Liu W, Li M and Xiao Y: Differentially expressed protein profile of human dental pulp cells in the early process of odontoblast-like differentiation in vitro. J Endod. 34:1077–1084. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2[-Delta Delta C(T)] method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Wickstead B and Gull K: The evolution of the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 194:513–525. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar :

19 

van Engeland M, Kuijpers HJ, Ramaekers FC, Reutelingsperger CP and Schutte B: Plasma membrane alterations and cytoskeletal changes in apoptosis. Exp Cell Res. 235:421–430. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Mor-Vaknin N, Punturieri A, Sitwala K and Markovitz DM: Vimentin is secreted by activated macrophages. Nat Cell Biol. 5:59–63. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Lian N, Lin T, Liu W, Wang W, Li L, Sun S, Nyman JS and Yang X: Transforming growth factor β suppresses osteoblast differentiation via the vimentin activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) axis. J Biol Chem. 287:35975–35984. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kero D, Kalibovic Govorko D, Vukojevic K, Cubela M, Soljic V and Saraga-Babic M: Expression of cytokeratin 8, vimentin, syndecan-1 and Ki-67 during human tooth development. J Mol Histol. 45:627–640. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Wise GE, Lin F and Fan W: Culture and characterization of dental follicle cells from rat molars. Cell Tissue Res. 267:483–492. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sculean A, Berakdar M, Windisch P, Remberger K, Donos N and Brecx M: Immunohistochemical investigation on the pattern of vimentin expression in regenerated and intact monkey and human periodontal ligament. Arch Oral Biol. 48:77–86. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Webb PP, Moxham BJ, Benjamin M and Ralphs JR: Changing expression of intermediate filaments in fibroblasts and cementoblasts of the developing periodontal ligament of the rat molar tooth. J Anat. 188:529–539. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hosoya A, Nakamura H, Ninomiya T, Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Nakaya H, Wakitani S, Yamada H, Kasahara E and Ozawa H: Immunohistochemical localization of alpha-smooth muscle actin during rat molar tooth development. J Histochem Cytochem. 54:1371–1378. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

San Miguel SM, Fatahi MR, Li H, Igwe JC, Aguila HL and Kalajzic I: Defining a visual marker of osteoprogenitor cells within the periodontium. J Periodontal Res. 45:60–70. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

28 

Ohshima H, Ajima H, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Wakisaka S and Maeda T: Transient expression of heat shock protein (Hsp)25 in the dental pulp and enamel organ during odontogenesis in the rat incisor. Arch Histol Cytol. 63:381–395. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Nakasone N, Yoshie H and Ohshima H: An immunohistochemical study of the expression of heat-shock protein-25 and cell proliferation in the dental pulp and enamel organ during odontogenesis in rat molars. Arch Oral Biol. 51:378–386. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Masuda-Murakami Y, Kobayashi M, Wang X, Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Hossain M and Matsumoto K: Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate on the differentiation of rat dental pulp cells. Acta Histochem. 112:452–458. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Nakatomi M, Ida-Yonemochi H and Ohshima H: Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 expression precedes dentin sialophosphoprotein expression during rat odontoblast differentiation and regeneration. J Endod. 39:612–618. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Du Y, Gu HJ, Gong QM, Yang F and Ling JQ: HSP25 affects the proliferation and differentiation of rat dental follicle cells. Int J Oral Sci. 1:72–80. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Pavlos NJ, Cheng TS, Qin A, Ng PY, Feng HT, Ang ES, Carrello A, Sung CH, Jahn R, Zheng MH and Xu J: Tctex-1, a novel interaction partner of Rab3D, is required for osteoclastic bone resorption. Mol Cell Biol. 31:1551–1564. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Tian X, Jin RU, Bredemeyer AJ, Oates EJ, Błazewska KM, McKenna CE and Mills JC: RAB26 and RAB3D are direct transcriptional targets of MIST1 that regulate exocrine granule maturation. Mol Cell Biol. 30:1269–1284. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

35 

Evans E, Zhang W, Jerdeva G, Chen CY, Chen X, Hamm-Alvarez SF and Okamoto CT: Direct interaction between Rab3D and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and trafficking through regulated secretory vesicles in lacrimal gland acinar cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 294:C662–C674. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ngyen D, Jones A, Ojakian GK and Raffaniello RD: Rab3D redistribution and function in rat parotid acini. J Cell Physiol. 197:400–408. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Pavlos NJ, Xu J, Riedel D, Yeoh JS, Teitelbaum SL, Papadimitriou JM, Jahn R, Ross FP and Zheng MH: Rab3D regulates a novel vesicular trafficking pathway that is required for osteoclastic bone resorption. Mol Cell Biol. 25:5253–5269. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Ma C, Qi Y, Shao L, Liu M, Li X and Tang H: Downregulation of miR-7 upregulates Cullin 5 (CUL5) to facilitate G1/S transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. IUBMB Life. 65:1026–1034. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Galderisi U, Jori FP and Giordano A: Cell cycle regulation and neural differentiation. Oncogene. 22:5208–5219. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen C, Xie N, Ling J, Du Y and Gu H: Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells. Mol Med Rep 14: 2405-2414, 2016.
APA
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., & Gu, H. (2016). Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 2405-2414. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5567
MLA
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., Gu, H."Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.3 (2016): 2405-2414.
Chicago
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., Gu, H."Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 3 (2016): 2405-2414. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5567
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen C, Xie N, Ling J, Du Y and Gu H: Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells. Mol Med Rep 14: 2405-2414, 2016.
APA
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., & Gu, H. (2016). Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 2405-2414. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5567
MLA
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., Gu, H."Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.3 (2016): 2405-2414.
Chicago
Chen, C., Xie, N., Ling, J., Du, Y., Gu, H."Proteomic analysis of the effects of CSF-1 and IL-1α on dental follicle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 3 (2016): 2405-2414. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5567
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team