Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
December-2016 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2016 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons

  • Authors:
    • Qiang Mao
    • Lujun Zhang
    • Yujie Guo
    • Lu Sun
    • Siwen Liu
    • Peng He
    • Rongzhong Huang
    • Lin Sun
    • Shigang Chen
    • Hong Zhang
    • Peng Xie
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China, Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
  • Pages: 5587-5594
    |
    Published online on: November 22, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5959
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus that infects the limbic system of mammals and results in behavioral disorders. The hippocampus is a core region in the limbic system, which contributes to memory and learning and is important in the regulation of emotion. However, no validated microRNA housekeeping genes have yet been identified in BDV‑infected rat primary hippocampal neurons. Proper normalization is key in accurate miRNA expression analysis. The present study used reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) to evaluate the expression stability of 10 commonly used reference genes [miR‑92a, 5S, U6, miR‑103, miR‑101a, miR-let-7a, miR‑16, E2 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), U87 and miR‑191] in BDV‑infected rat hippocampal neurons and non‑infected controls across 12 days post‑infection. The data was analyzed by four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative Δ‑Ct method. Subsequently, the most suitable reference genes (miR‑101a and U87) and the least suitable (snoRNA) were determined by the RankAggreg package. miR‑155 was selected as a standard by which to evaluate the most and least suitable reference genes. When normalized to the most stable reference gene there were significant differences between the two groups. However, when the data were normalized to the less stably expressed gene, the results were not significant. miR‑101a was recommended as a suitable reference gene for BDV-infected rat primary hippocampal neurons.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

de la Torre JC: Molecular biology of borna disease virus: Prototype of a new group of animal viruses. J Virol. 68:7669–7675. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ludwig H, Bode L and Gosztonyi G: Borna disease: A persistent virus infection of the central nervous system. Prog Med Virol. 35:107–151. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kinnunen PM, Palva A, Vaheri A and Vapalahti O: Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections. J Gen Virol. 94:247–262. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Zhang L, Xu MM, Zeng L, Liu S, Liu X, Wang X, Li D, Huang RZ, Zhao LB, Zhan QL, et al: Evidence for Borna disease virus infection in neuropsychiatric patients in three western China provinces. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 33:621–627. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Liu X, Bode L, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang L, Huang R, Wang M, Yang L, Chen S, et al: Health care professionals at risk of infection with Borna disease virus-evidence from a large hospital in China (Chongqing). Virol J. 12:392015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Gonzalez-Dunia D, Sauder C and de la Torre JC: Borna disease virus and the brain. Brain Res Bull. 44:647–664. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Pletnikov MV, Rubin SA, Moran TH and Carbone KM: Exploring the cerebellum with a new tool: Neonatal Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of the rat's brain. Cerebellum. 2:62–70. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Gosztonyi G: Natural and experimental Borna disease virus infections-neuropathology and pathogenetic considerations. APMIS Suppl. 53–57. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Mestdagh P, Feys T, Bernard N, Guenther S, Chen C, Speleman F and Vandesompele J: High-throughput stem-loop RT-qPCR miRNA expression profiling using minute amounts of input RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:e1432008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Beaudoin GM III, Lee SH, Singh D, Yuan Y, Ng YG, Reichardt LF and Arikkath J: Culturing pyramidal neurons from the early postnatal mouse hippocampus and cortex. Nat Protoc. 7:1741–1754. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Bajramovic JJ, Münter S, Syan S, Nehrbass U, Brahic M and Gonzalez-Dunia D: Borna disease virus glycoprotein is required for viral dissemination in neuons. J Virol. 77:12222–12231. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bode L, Dürrwald R, Rantam FA, Ferszt R and Ludwig H: First isolates of infectious human Borna disease virus from patients with mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 1:200–212. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Suberbielle E, Stella A, Pont F, Monnet C, Mouton E, Lamouroux L, Monsarrat B and Gonzalez-Dunia D: Proteomic analysis reveals selective impediment of neuronal remodeling upon Borna disease virus infection. J Virol. 82:12265–12279. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Huang R, Gao H, Zhang L, Jia J, Liu X, Zheng P, Ma L, Li W, Deng J, Wang X, et al: Borna disease virus infection perturbs energy metabolites and amino acids in cultured human oligodendroglia cells. PLoS One. 7:e446652012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhang L, Liu S, Zhang L, You H, Huang R, Sun L, He P, Chen S, Zhang H and Xie P: Real-time qPCR identifies suitable reference genes for Borna disease virus-infected rat cortical neurons. Int J Mol Sci. 15:21825–21839. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lewin GR and Barde YA: Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu Rev Neurosci. 19:289–317. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Davoren PA, McNeill RE, Lowery AJ, Kerin MJ and Miller N: Identification of suitable endogenous control genes for microRNA gene expression analysis in human breast cancer. BMC Mol Biol. 9:762008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lardizabal MN, Nocito AL, Daniele SM, Ornella LA, Palatnik JF and Veggi LM: Reference genes for real-time PCR quantification of microRNAs and messenger RNAs in rat models of hepatotoxicity. PLoS One. 7:e363232012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ratert N, Meyer HA, Jung M, Mollenkopf HJ, Wagner I, Miller K, Kilic E, Erbersdobler A, Weikert S and Jung K: Reference miRNAs for miRNAome analysis of urothelial carcinomas. PLoS One. 7:e393092012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Liu X, Zhang L, Cheng K, Wang X, Ren G and Xie P: Identification of suitable plasma-based reference genes for miRNAome analysis of major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 163:133–139. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wang Y, Tang N, Hui T, Wang S, Zeng X, Li H and Ma J: Identification of endogenous reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of plasma microRNAs levels in rats with acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol. 33:1330–1336. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Langnaese K, John R, Schweizer H, Ebmeyer U and Keilhoff G: Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in a rat asphyxial cardiac arrest model. BMC Mol Biol. 9:532008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kim I, Yang D, Tang X and Carroll JL: Reference gene validation for qPCR in rat carotid body during postnatal development. BMC Res Notes. 4:4402011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A and Speleman F: Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 3:RESEARCH00342002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zhao C, Zha Y, Wu X, Chen L, Shi J and Cui L: The quantification of ADAMTS4 and 8 expression and selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in myocardial infarction. Biomed Pharmacother. 65:555–559. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Silver N, Best S, Jiang J and Thein SL: Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in human reticulocytes using real-time PCR. BMC Mol Biol. 7:332006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Pfaffl MW, Tichopad A, Prgomet C and Neuvians TP: Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper-Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations. Biotechnol Lett. 26:509–515. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zhai A, Qian J, Kao W, Li A, Li Y, He J, Zhang Q, Song W, Fu Y, Wu J, et al: Borna disease virus encoded phosphoprotein inhibits host innate immunity by regulating miR-155. Antiviral Res. 98:66–75. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kong W, He L, Coppola M, Guo J, Esposito NN, Coppola D and Cheng JQ: MicroRNA-155 regulates cell survival, growth, and chemosensitivity by targeting FOXO3a in breast cancer. J Biol Chem. 285:17869–17879. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lu C, Huang X, Zhang X, Roensch K, Cao Q, Nakayama KI, Blazar BR, Zeng Y and Zhou X: miR-221 and miR-155 regulate human dendritic cell development, apoptosis, and IL-12 production through targeting of p27kip1, KPC1, and SOCS-1. Blood. 117:4293–4303. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, et al: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 435:834–838. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Liu X, Yang Y, Zhao M, Bode L, Zhang L, Pan J, Lv L, Zhan Y, Liu S, Zhang L, et al: Proteomics reveal energy metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction perturbation in human Borna disease virus Hu-H1-infected oligodendroglial cells. Neuroscience. 268:284–296. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Liu X, Zhao L, Yang Y, Bode L, Huang H, Liu C, Huang R, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang L, et al: Human borna disease virus infection impacts host proteome and histone lysine acetylation in human oligodendroglia cells. Virology 464–465. 196–205. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Li D, Lei Y, Deng J, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Li W, Huang H, Cheng S, Zhang H, Zhang L, et al: Human but not laboratory Borna disease virus inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human oligodendrocytes in vitro. PLoS One. 8:e666232013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Li Q, Wang Z, Zhu D, Xu M, Chen X, Peng D, Iwata Y and Xie P: Detection and analysis of Borna disease virus in Chinese patients with neurological disorders. Eur J Neurol. 16:399–403. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Pihur V and Datta S and Datta S: RankAggreg, an R package for weighted rank aggregation. BMC Bioinformatics. 10:622009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Lilly ST, Drummond RS, Pearson MN and MacDiarmid RM: Identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of transcripts from virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 24:294–304. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Song J, Bai Z, Han W, Zhang J, Meng H, Bi J, Ma X, Han S and Zhang Z: Identification of suitable reference genes for qPCR analysis of serum microRNA in gastric cancer patients. Dig Dis Sci. 57:897–904. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Mao Q, Zhang L, Guo Y, Sun L, Liu S, He P, Huang R, Sun L, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang H, et al: Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 14: 5587-5594, 2016.
APA
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P. ... Xie, P. (2016). Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 5587-5594. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5959
MLA
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P., Huang, R., Sun, L., Chen, S., Zhang, H., Xie, P."Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.6 (2016): 5587-5594.
Chicago
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P., Huang, R., Sun, L., Chen, S., Zhang, H., Xie, P."Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 6 (2016): 5587-5594. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5959
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Mao Q, Zhang L, Guo Y, Sun L, Liu S, He P, Huang R, Sun L, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang H, et al: Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 14: 5587-5594, 2016.
APA
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P. ... Xie, P. (2016). Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14, 5587-5594. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5959
MLA
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P., Huang, R., Sun, L., Chen, S., Zhang, H., Xie, P."Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons". Molecular Medicine Reports 14.6 (2016): 5587-5594.
Chicago
Mao, Q., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Liu, S., He, P., Huang, R., Sun, L., Chen, S., Zhang, H., Xie, P."Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons". Molecular Medicine Reports 14, no. 6 (2016): 5587-5594. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5959
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team