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Review Open Access

Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Caterina Ledda
    • Carla Loreto
    • Christian Zammit
    • Andrea Marconi
    • Lucrezia Fago
    • Serena Matera
    • Valentina Costanzo
    • Giovanni Fuccio Sanzà
    • Stefano Palmucci
    • Margherita Ferrante
    • Chiara Costa
    • Concettina Fenga
    • Antonio  Biondi
    • Cristoforo Pomara
    • Venerando Rapisarda
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD‑2080 Msida, Malta, Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico‑Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy, Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy, General Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Medical‑Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
    Copyright: © Ledda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 511-533
    |
    Published online on: December 14, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6046
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Abstract

Liver cancer is the second leading worldwide cause of cancer‑associated mortalities. Hepatocellular carcinoma, which accounts for the majority of liver tumors, ranks fifth among types of human cancer. Well‑established risk factors for liver cancer include the hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxins, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptives. Tobacco smoking, androgenic steroids, and diabetes mellitus are suspected risk factors. Current knowledge regarding non‑infective occupational risk factors for liver cancer is inconclusive. The relevance of liver disorders to occupational medicine lies in the fact that the majority of chemicals are metabolized in the liver, and toxic metabolites generated via metabolism are the predominant cause of liver damage. However, their non‑specific clinical manifestations that are similar in a number of liver diseases make diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, concomitant conditions, such as viral hepatitis and alcohol or drug abuse, may mask liver disorders that result from occupational hepatotoxic agents and block the demonstration of an occupational cause. The identification of environmental agents that result in human cancer is a long and often difficult process. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the association of non‑infective occupational risk exposure and HCC, to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ledda C, Loreto C, Zammit C, Marconi A, Fago L, Matera S, Costanzo V, Fuccio Sanzà G, Palmucci S, Ferrante M, Ferrante M, et al: Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Mol Med Rep 15: 511-533, 2017.
APA
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S. ... Rapisarda, V. (2017). Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 511-533. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6046
MLA
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S., Costanzo, V., Fuccio Sanzà, G., Palmucci, S., Ferrante, M., Costa, C., Fenga, C., Biondi, A., Pomara, C., Rapisarda, V."Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.2 (2017): 511-533.
Chicago
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S., Costanzo, V., Fuccio Sanzà, G., Palmucci, S., Ferrante, M., Costa, C., Fenga, C., Biondi, A., Pomara, C., Rapisarda, V."Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 2 (2017): 511-533. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6046
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ledda C, Loreto C, Zammit C, Marconi A, Fago L, Matera S, Costanzo V, Fuccio Sanzà G, Palmucci S, Ferrante M, Ferrante M, et al: Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Mol Med Rep 15: 511-533, 2017.
APA
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S. ... Rapisarda, V. (2017). Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 511-533. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6046
MLA
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S., Costanzo, V., Fuccio Sanzà, G., Palmucci, S., Ferrante, M., Costa, C., Fenga, C., Biondi, A., Pomara, C., Rapisarda, V."Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.2 (2017): 511-533.
Chicago
Ledda, C., Loreto, C., Zammit, C., Marconi, A., Fago, L., Matera, S., Costanzo, V., Fuccio Sanzà, G., Palmucci, S., Ferrante, M., Costa, C., Fenga, C., Biondi, A., Pomara, C., Rapisarda, V."Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 2 (2017): 511-533. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6046
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