Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
May-2017 Volume 15 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2017 Volume 15 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex

  • Authors:
    • Nae Takizawa
    • Susumu Tanaka
    • Souichi Oe
    • Taro Koike
    • Tadashi Matsuda
    • Hisao Yamada
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan, Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
  • Pages: 3215-3221
    |
    Published online on: March 24, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6375
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Patients with bilateral pheochromocytoma often require an adrenalectomy. Autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex is an alternative therapy that could potentially be performed instead of receiving glucocorticoid replacement following adrenalectomy. Adrenal cortex autotransplantation aims to avoid the side effects of long‑term steroid treatment and adrenal insufficiency. Although the function of the hypothalamo‑hypophysial system is critical for patients who have undergone adrenal cortex autotransplantation, the details of that system, with the exception of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the subjects with adrenal autotransplantation, have been overlooked for a long time. To clarify the precise effect of adrenal autotransplantation on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, the current study examined the gene expression of hormones produced from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Bilateral adrenalectomy and adrenal autotransplantation were performed in 8 to 9‑week‑old male rats. The hypothalamus and pituitary tissues were collected at 4 weeks after surgery. Transcriptional regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones was subsequently examined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Proopiomelanocortin, glycoprotein hormone α polypeptide, and thyroid stimulating hormone β were significantly elevated in the pituitary gland of autotransplanted rats when compared with sham‑operated rats. In addition, there were significant differences in the levels of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (Crhr1), Crhr2, nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 and thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor between the sham‑operated rats and autotransplanted rats in the pituitary gland. In the hypothalamus, corticotropin releasing hormone and urocortin 2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in autotransplanted rats compared with sham‑operated rats. The authors identified significant alterations in the function of not only the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑adrenal axis, but also the adenohypophysis thyrotropes in autotransplanted rats. In the future, it will be important to examine other tissues affected by glucocorticoids following adrenal cortex autotransplantation.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Erdogan G, Kologlu S, Kamel N, Baskal N, Cesur V and Eraslan S: Adrenal autotransplantation after total adrenalectomy: Delayed determined function. Endocr J. 41:45–48. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Lucon AM, Mendonça BB, Domenice S, Chambô JL, Wajchemberg BL and Arap S: Adrenal autografts following bilateral adrenalectomy. J Urol. 149:977–979. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kubo N, Onoda N, Ishikawa T, Ogawa Y, Takashima T, Yamashita Y, Tahara H, Inaba M and Hirakawa K: Simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyerplasia: Report of a case. Surg Today. 36:642–646. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Inabnet WB, Caragliano P and Pertsemlidis D: Pheochromocytoma: Inherited associations, bilaterality and cortex preservation. Surgery. 128:1007–1012. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Okamoto T, Obara T, Ito Y, Yamashita T, Kanbe M, Iihara M, Hirose K and Yamazaki K: Bilateral adrenalectomy with autotransplantation of adrenocortical tissue or unilateral adrenalectomy: Treatment options for pheochromocytomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Endocr J. 43:169–175. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Taniguchi A, Tajima T, Nonomura K, Shinohara N, Mikami A and Koyanagi T: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors Flk-1 and Flt-1 during the regeneration of autotransplanted adrenal cortex in the adrenalectomized rat. J Urol. 171:2445–2449. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

National Research Council of The National Academies: Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th. The National Academies Press (US); Washington, DC: 2011

8 

Mitani F: Functional zonation of the rat adrenal cortex: The development and maintenance. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 90:163–183. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Belloni AS, Neri G, Musajo FG, Andreis PG, Boscaro M, D'Agostino D, Rebuffat P, Boshier DP, Gottardo G, Mazzocchi G, et al: Investigations on the morphology and function of adrenocortical tissue regenerated from gland capsular fragments autotransplanted in the musculus gracilis of the rat. Endocrinology. 126:3251–3262. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hirose J, Masuda H, Ushiyama T, Ohtawara Y, Ohta N, Suzuki K, Tajima A and Aso Y: Histological and encrinological observations on the regeneration of the autotransplanted adrenal gland in the rat. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 79:666–672. 1988.(In Japanese). PubMed/NCBI

11 

Srougi M and Gittes RF: Adrenal autotransplantation. Urol Surv. 28:41–48. 1978.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Terao A, Wisor JP, Peyron C, Apte-Deshpande A, Wurts SW, Edgar DM and Kilduff TS: Gene expression in the rat brain during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep: An affymetrix genechip study. Neuroscience. 137:593–605. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Owens MJ and Nemeroff CB: Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev. 43:425–473. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Steckler T and Holsboer F: Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtypes and emotion. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1480–1508. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Skutella T, Criswell H, Moy S, Probst JC, Breese GR, Jirikowski GF and Holsboer F: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide induces anxiolytic effects in rat. Neuroreport. 5:2181–2185. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Skutella T, Montkowski A, Stöhr T, Probst JC, Landgraf R, Holsboer F and Jirikowski GF: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment attenuates social defeat-induced anxiety in rats. Cell Mol Neu. 14:579–588. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I, Kresse A, Reul JM, Stalla GK, Blanquet V, Steckler T, Holsboer F and Wurst W: Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nat Genet. 19:162–166. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Smith GW, Aubry JM, Dellu F, Contarino A, Bilezikjian LM, Gold LH, Chen R, Marchuk Y, Hauser C, Bentley CA, et al: Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response and, aberrant neuroendocrine development. Neuron. 20:1093–1102. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bale TL, Contarino A, Smith GW, Chan R, Gold LH, Sawchenko PE, Koob GF, Vale WW and Lee KF: Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. Nat Genet. 24:410–414. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Coste SC, Kesterson RA, Heldwein KA, Stevens SL, Heard AD, Hollis JH, Murray SE, Hill JK, Pantely GA, Hohimer AR, et al: Abnormal adaptations to stress and impaired cardiovascular function in mice lacking corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2. Nat Genet. 24:403–419. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Reyes TM, Lewis K, Perrin MH, Kunitake KS, Vaughan J, Arias CA, Hogenesch JB, Gulyas J, Rivier J, Vale WW and Sawchenko PE: Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2843–2848. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Akerblom IE, Slater EP, Beato M, Baxter JD and Mellon PL: Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer. Science. 241:350–353. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Gurr JA and Kourides IA: Regulation of the transfected human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene by dexamethasone and thyroid hormone. DNA. 8:473–480. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chatterjee VK, Madison LD, Mayo S and Jameson JL: Repression of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene by glucocorticoids: Evidence for receptor interactions with limiting transcriptional activators. Mol Endocrinol. 5:100–110. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kourides IA, Weintraub BD, Re RN, Ridgway EC and Maloof F: Thyroid hormone, oestrogen and glucocorticoid effects on two different pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit pools. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 9:535–542. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Reddy TE, Pauli F, Sprouse RO, Neff NF, Newberry KM, Garabedian MJ and Myers RM: Genomic determination of the glucocorticoid response reveals unexpected mechanisms of gene regulation. Genome Res. 19:2163–2171. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Cote-Vélez A, Pérez-Martínez L, Charli JL and Joseph-Bravo P: The PKC and ERK/MAPK pathways regulate glucocorticoid action on TRH transcription. Neurochem Res. 33:1582–1591. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Díaz-Gallardo MY, Cote-Vélez A, Charli JL and Joseph-Bravo P: A rapid interference between glucocorticoids and cAMP-activated signalling in hypothalamic neurones prevents binding of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein and glucocorticoid receptor at the CRE-Like and composite GRE sites of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone gene promoter. J Neuroendocrinol. 22:282–293. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Walter KN, Corwin EJ, Ulbrecht J, Demers LM, Bennett JM, Whetzel CA and Klein LC: Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with elevated cortisol in healthy young men and women. Thyroid Res. 5:132012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L and Charli JL: Regulation of TRH neurons and energy homeostasis-related signals under stress. J Endocrinol. 224:R139–R159. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Fekete C and Lechan RM: Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Endocr Rev. 35:159–194. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Fliers E, Kalsbeek A and Boelen A: Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Eur J Endocrinol. 171:R197–R208. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Høvring PI, Matre V, Fjeldheim AK, Loseth OP and Gautvik KM: Transcription of the human thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene-analysis of basal promoter elements and glucocorticoid response elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 257:829–834. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Yang J and Tashjian AH Jr: Regulation of endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger RNA in GH4C1 cells: Roles of protein and RNA synthesis. Mol Endocrinol. 7:1144–1150. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Yang J and Tashjian AH Jr: Transcriptional regulation by dexamethasone of endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat pituitary GH4C1 cells. Endocrinology. 133:487–490. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Takizawa N, Tanaka S, Oe S, Koike T, Matsuda T and Yamada H: Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex. Mol Med Rep 15: 3215-3221, 2017.
APA
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., & Yamada, H. (2017). Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 3215-3221. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6375
MLA
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., Yamada, H."Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.5 (2017): 3215-3221.
Chicago
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., Yamada, H."Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 5 (2017): 3215-3221. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6375
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Takizawa N, Tanaka S, Oe S, Koike T, Matsuda T and Yamada H: Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex. Mol Med Rep 15: 3215-3221, 2017.
APA
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., & Yamada, H. (2017). Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 3215-3221. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6375
MLA
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., Yamada, H."Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.5 (2017): 3215-3221.
Chicago
Takizawa, N., Tanaka, S., Oe, S., Koike, T., Matsuda, T., Yamada, H."Hypothalamo‑hypophysial system in rats with autotransplantation of the adrenal cortex". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 5 (2017): 3215-3221. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6375
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team