Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling

  • Authors:
    • Bing Bing Zhu
    • Hao Wang
    • Yang Feng Chi
    • Yun Man Wang
    • Xing Mei Yao
    • Shuang Liu
    • Huiling Qiu
    • Ji Fang
    • Pei Hao Yin
    • Xue Mei Zhang
    • Wen Peng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1289-1296
    |
    Published online on: November 2, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7935
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), as a strong oxidant, results in renal injury through multiple mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to determine the injury effects of Ox‑LDL and the potential protective effects of the antioxidant reagent probucol on epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK‑2) and to further explore the role and interrelation of lectin‑like oxidized low‑density lipoprotein receptor‑1 (LOX‑1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In the present study, concentrations of 0‑100 µg/ml Ox‑LDL were used to induce HK‑2 cell EMT. Then, probucol (20 µmol/l) and the LOX‑1 inhibitor, polyinosinic acid (250 µg/ml), were also used to pretreat HK‑2 cells. Intracellular ROS activity was evaluated using the specific probe 2',7'‑dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‑DA). Concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was determined using a biochemical colorimetric method. Expression of E‑cadherin, α‑smooth muscle actin (SMA), LOX‑1, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), cytochrome b‑245 α chain (p22phox), extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 MAPK protein levels were examined by western blotting. The results revealed that Ox‑LDL induced the expression of LOX‑1 and α‑SMA and reduced the expression of E‑cadherin in a dose‑dependent manner, and these effects were inhibited by polyinosinic acid or probucol pretreatment. Stimulation with 50 µg/ml Ox‑LDL induced the expression of NOX4 and p22phox and increased intracellular ROS activity, but NO production in the cell supernatants was not affected. The Ox‑LDL‑mediated increases in Nox4 and p22phox expression and in ROS activity were inhibited by probucol pretreatment. Further investigations into the underlying molecular pathways demonstrated that ERK and p38 MAPK were activated by Ox‑LDL stimulation and then inhibited by probucol pretreatment. The findings of the present study therefore suggest that Ox‑LDL induced EMT in HK‑2 cells, the mechanism of which may be associated with LOX‑1‑related oxidative stress via the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Notably, pretreatment with probucol inhibited the Ox‑LDL‑induced oxidative stress by reducing the expression of LOX‑1, and blocked the progression of EMT.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Galichon P and Hertig A: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a biomarker in renal fibrosis: Are we ready for the bedside? Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 4:112011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

He J, Xu Y, Koya D and Kanasaki K: Role of the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal fibrosis of chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 17:488–497. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Carew RM, Wang B and Kantharidis P: The role of EMT in renal fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res. 347:103–116. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Liu Y: Renal fibrosis: New insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. Kidney Int. 69:213–217. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Allison SJ: Fibrosis: Targeting EMT to reverse renal fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 11:5652015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zha D, Cheng H, Li W, Wu Y, Li X, Zhang L, Feng YH and Wu X: High glucose instigates tubulointerstitial injury by stimulating hetero-dimerization of adiponectin and angiotensin II receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun: pii: S0006-291X(17)31600-5. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Wahl P, Ducasa GM and Fornoni A: Systemic and renal lipids in kidney disease development and progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 310:F433–F445. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cuenca-Sánchez M, Navas-Carrillo D and Orenes-Piñero E: Controversies surrounding high-protein diet intake: Satiating effect and kidney and bone health. Adv Nutr. 6:260–266. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Noone D and Licht C: Chronic kidney disease: A new look at pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment options. Pediatr Nephrol. 29:779–792. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lee HS and Song CY: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidative stress in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Am J Nephrol. 29:62–70. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Lee HS, Kim BC, Kim YS, Choi KH and Chung HK: Involvement of oxidation in LDL-induced collagen gene regulation in mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 50:1582–1590. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kurukulasuriya Romayne L, Athappan G, Saab G, Connell Whaley A and Sowers JR: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and renoprotection: The weight of the evidence. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 1:49–59. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sawamura T, Kume N, Aoyama T, Moriwaki H, Hoshikawa H, Aiba Y, Tanaka T, Miwa S, Katsura Y, Kita T and Masaki T: An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Nature. 386:73–77. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hu C, Kang BY, Megyesi J, Kaushal GP, Safirstein RL and Mehta JL: Deletion of LOX-1 attenuates renal injury following angiotensin II infusion. Kidney Int. 76:521–527. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kelly KJ, Wu P, Patterson CE, Temm C and Dominguez JH: LOX-1 and inflammation: A new mechanism for renal injury in obesity and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 294:F1136–F1145. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Yang L, Wu L, Du S, Hu Y, Fan Y and Ma J: 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits high glucose-induced apoptosis and ROS production in human peritoneal mesothelial cells via the MAPK/P38 pathway. Mol Med Rep. 14:839–844. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Pinto M, Pickrell AM, Wang X, Bacman SR, Yu A, Hida A, Dillon LM, Morton PD, Malek TR, Williams SL and Moraes CT: Transient mitochondrial DNA double strand breaks in mice cause accelerated aging phenotypes in a ROS-dependent but p53/p21-independent manner. Cell Death Differ. 24:288–299. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lan X, Lederman R, Eng JM, Shoshtari SS, Saleem MA, Malhotra A and Singhal PC: Nicotine induces podocyte apoptosis through increasing oxidative stress. PLoS One. 11:e01670712016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Guo Y, Han B, Luo K, Ren Z, Cai L and Sun L: NOX2-ROS-HIF-1a signaling is critical for the inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid on rectal cancer cell proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother. 85:733–739. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Rhyu DY, Yang Y, Ha H, Lee GT, Song JS, Uh ST and Lee HB: Role of reactive oxygen species in TGF-beta1-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 16:667–675. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

He T, Guan X, Wang S, Xiao T, Yang K, Xu X, Wang J and Zhao J: Resveratrol prevents high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 402:13–20. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Jha JC, Thallas-Bonke V, Banal C, Gray SP, Chow BS, Ramm G, Quaggin SE, Cooper ME, Schmidt HH and Jandeleit-Dahm KA: Podocyte-specific Nox4 deletion affords renoprotection in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 59:379–389. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Duan SB, Liu GL, Wang YH and Zhang JJ: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cell mediated by oxidative stress and intervention effect of probucol in diabetic nephropathy rats. Ren Fail. 34:1244–1251. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ni J, Ma KL, Wang CX, Liu J, Zhang Y, Lv LL, Ni HF, Chen YX, Ruan XZ and Liu BC: Activation of renin-angiotensin system is involved in dyslipidemia-mediated renal injuries in apolipoprotein E knockout mice and HK-2 cells. Lipids Health Dis. 12:492013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Eddy AA: Progression in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 12:353–365. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Klahr S, Morrissey J, Hruska K, Wang S and Chen Q: New approaches to delay the progression of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl. S23–S26. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhou X, Liu R, Duan S, Huang G, Ye Y and Kong Y: High glucose enhances oxLDL-induced apoptosis in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells largely via inducing lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1. Pharmacology. 98:20–28. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Xu Y, Ruan S, Xie H and Lin J: Role of LOX-1 in Ang II-induced oxidative functional damage in renal tubular epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 26:679–690. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Dai Y, Palade P, Wang X, Mercanti F, Ding Z, Dai D and Mehta JL: High fat diet causes renal fibrosis in LDLr-null mice through MAPK-NF-κB pathway mediated by Ox-LDL. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 63:158–166. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Chang CY, Shen CY, Kang CK, Sher YP, Sheu WH, Chang CC and Lee TH: Taurine protects HK-2 cells from oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial and p53-related apoptotic pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 279:351–363. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Liu M and Park J, Wu X, Li Y, Tran Q, Mun K, Lee Y, Hur GM, Wen A and Park J: Shen-Kang protects 5/6 nephrectomized rats against renal injury by reducing oxidative stress through the MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med. 36:975–984. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wankun X, Wenzhen Y, Min Z, Weiyan Z, Huan C, Wei D, Lvzhen H, Xu Y and Xiaoxin L: Protective effect of paeoniflorin against oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Mol Vis. 17:3512–3522. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Cao Y, Zhang Y, Wang N and He L: Antioxidant effect of imperatorin from Angelica dahurica in hypertension via inhibiting NADPH oxidase activation and MAPK pathway. J Am Soc Hypertens. 8:527–536. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li ZJ, Li XM, Piao YJ, Choi DK, Kim SJ, Kim JW, Sohn KC, Kim CD and Lee JH: Genkwadaphnin induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 450:1115–1119. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Huang C, Day ML, Poronnik P, Pollock CA and Chen XM: Inhibition of KCa3.1 suppresses TGF-b1 induced MCP-1 expression in human proximal tubular cells through Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 47:1–10. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhang X, Liang D, Chi ZH, Chu Q, Zhao C, Ma RZ, Zhao Y and Li H: Effect of zinc on high glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 35:1747–1754. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Bai YH, Wang JP, Yang M, Zeng Y and Jiang HY: SiRNA-HMGA2 weakened AGEs-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tubular epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 457:730–735. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhou L, Xue H, Wang Z, Ni J, Yao T, Huang Y, Yu C and Lu L: Angiotensin-(1–7) attenuates high glucose-induced proximal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Life Sci. 90:454–462. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Wen Q, Huang Z, Zhou SF, Li XY, Luo N and Yu XQ: Urinary proteins from patients with nephrotic syndrome alters the signalling proteins regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nephrology (Carlton). 15:63–74. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Wei J, Shi Y, Hou Y, Ren Y, Du C, Zhang L, Li Y and Duan H: Knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein ameliorates high glucose-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells. Cell Signal. 25:2788–2796. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Zhou G, Wang Y, He P and Li D: Probucol inhibited Nox2 expression and attenuated podocyte injury in type 2 diabetic nephropathy of db/db mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 36:1883–1890. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Yamashita S, Masuda D and Matsuzawa Y: Did we abandon probucol too soon? Curr Opin Lipidol. 26:304–316. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yamashita S, Hbujo H, Arai H, Harada-Shiba M, Matsui S, Fukushima M, Saito Y, Kita T and Matsuzawa Y: Long-term probucol treatment prevents secondary cardiovascular events: A cohort study of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb. 15:292–303. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Yamashita S and Matsuzawa Y: Where are we with probucol: A new life for an old drug? Atherosclerosis. 207:16–23. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu BB, Wang H, Chi YF, Wang YM, Yao XM, Liu S, Qiu H, Fang J, Yin PH, Zhang XM, Zhang XM, et al: Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling. Mol Med Rep 17: 1289-1296, 2018.
APA
Zhu, B.B., Wang, H., Chi, Y.F., Wang, Y.M., Yao, X.M., Liu, S. ... Peng, W. (2018). Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7935
MLA
Zhu, B. B., Wang, H., Chi, Y. F., Wang, Y. M., Yao, X. M., Liu, S., Qiu, H., Fang, J., Yin, P. H., Zhang, X. M., Peng, W."Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 1289-1296.
Chicago
Zhu, B. B., Wang, H., Chi, Y. F., Wang, Y. M., Yao, X. M., Liu, S., Qiu, H., Fang, J., Yin, P. H., Zhang, X. M., Peng, W."Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7935
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu BB, Wang H, Chi YF, Wang YM, Yao XM, Liu S, Qiu H, Fang J, Yin PH, Zhang XM, Zhang XM, et al: Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling. Mol Med Rep 17: 1289-1296, 2018.
APA
Zhu, B.B., Wang, H., Chi, Y.F., Wang, Y.M., Yao, X.M., Liu, S. ... Peng, W. (2018). Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7935
MLA
Zhu, B. B., Wang, H., Chi, Y. F., Wang, Y. M., Yao, X. M., Liu, S., Qiu, H., Fang, J., Yin, P. H., Zhang, X. M., Peng, W."Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 1289-1296.
Chicago
Zhu, B. B., Wang, H., Chi, Y. F., Wang, Y. M., Yao, X. M., Liu, S., Qiu, H., Fang, J., Yin, P. H., Zhang, X. M., Peng, W."Protective effects of probucol on Ox-LDL-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via LOX‑1/ROS/MAPK signaling". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7935
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team