Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats

  • Authors:
    • Lan Wang
    • Qiong-Hui Huang
    • Yong-Xian Li
    • Yan-Feng Huang
    • Jian-Hui Xie
    • Lie-Qiang Xu
    • Yao-Xing Dou
    • Zi-Ren Su
    • Hui-Fang Zeng
    • Jian-Nan Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China, Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China, Higher Education Institute and Development Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 789-800
    |
    Published online on: November 3, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7958
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Silymarin has been used in the treatment of a number of liver diseases for a long time, but its efficacy in preventing triptolide induced acute hepatotoxicity has not been reported previously. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect of silymarin against triptolide (TP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats were orally administrated with silymarin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 7 days and received intraperitoneal TP (2 mg/kg) on the day 8. Hepatic injuries were comprehensively evaluated in terms of serum parameters, morphological changes, oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that TP-induced increases in serum parameters, including alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, which were determined using a biochemical analyzer, and histopathological alterations and hepatocyte apoptosis as determined by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining, respectively, were prevented by silymarin pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. TP-induced depletions in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and catalase, and glutathione levels, were also significantly reversed by silymarin, as determined using specific kits. Additionally, silymarin dose-dependently exhibited inhibitory effects on malonaldehyde content in the liver. The production of proinflammatory cytokines was investigated using ELISA kits, and the results demonstrated that silymarin dose-dependently inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-1β in the liver. To determine the mechanism of silymarin, western blot analysis was performed to investigate the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-p38 and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) of the TNF-α induced inflammatory response and apoptotic pathways. Silymarin significantly blocked p38 and JNK phosphorylation and activation. Additionally, the expression of the proapoptotic proteins cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X was also reduced following treatment with silymarin, as determined by ELISA, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In conclusion, silymarin was demonstrated to dose-dependently protect rat liver from TP-induced acute hepatotoxicity, with the high dose (200 mg/kg) achieving a superior effect. This protective effect may be associated with the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status, as well as the prevention of hepatocyte apoptosis. Therefore, silymarin may have the potential to be applied clinically to prevent TP-induced acute hepatotoxicity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Jia L, Feihai S, Cuiwen G, Wenwen W, Xiaozhe S, Xinlu F, Min H, Jing J and Zhiying H: Activation of Nrf2 protects against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. PLoS One. 9:102014.

2 

Chen BJ: Triptolide, a novel immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Leuk Lymphoma. 42:253–265. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Shu B, Duan W, Yao J, Huang J, Jiang Z and Zhang L: Caspase 3 is involved in the apoptosis induced by triptolide in HK-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 23:598–602. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Phillips PA, Dudeja V, McCarroll JA, Borja-Cacho D, Dawra RK, Grizzle WE, Vickers SM and Saluja AK: Triptolide induces pancreatic cancer cell death via inhibition of heat shock protein 70. Cancer Res. 67:9407–9416. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mei ZN, Lia XK, Wu QR and Yang XL: The research on the anti-inflammatory activity and hepatotoxicity of triptolide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle. Pharmacol Res. 51:345–351. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Fu Q, Huang X, Shu B, Xue M, Zhang P, Wang T, Liu L, Jiang Z and Zhang L: Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain is involved in triptolide-induced liver injury. Fitoterapia. 82:1241–1248. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Yang J, Liu X..Bhalla K..Kim C.N..Ibrado A.M..Cai J..Peng T.I..Jones D.P..Wang X.: Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of Cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science. 275:1129–1132. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Newmeyer DD: Hot papers-apoptosis-the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: A primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis by R.M. Kluck, E. Bossy-Wetzel, D.R. Green, D.D. Newmeyer-Comments. Scientist. 13:16. 1999.

9 

Shao LW, Huang LH, Yan S, Jin JD and Ren SY: Cordycepin induces apoptosis in human liver cancer HepG2 cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. Oncol Lett. 12:995–1000. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Abenavoli L, Capasso R, Milic N and Capasso F: Milk thistle in liver diseases: Past, present, future. Phytother Res. 24:1423–1432. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Pascual C, Gonz R, Armesto J and Muriel P: Effect of silymarin and silybinin on oxygen radicals. Drug Devel Res. 29:73–77. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Crocenzi FA and Roma MG: Silymarin as a new hepatoprotective agent in experimental cholestasis: New possibilities for an ancient medication. Curr Med Chem. 13:1055–1074. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Arafa HMM: Uroprotective effects of curcumin in cyclophosphamide-induced haemorrhagic cystitis paradigm. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 104:393–399. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Avci H, Tunca R, Epikmen E. T, Birincioğlu SS, Sekkin SB Murat and Akşit H: Protective and antigenotoxic effects of Silymarin and Curcumin in experimental cyclophosphamide intoxication in rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 22:693–701. 2016.

15 

Schuppan D, Jia JD, Brinkhaus B and Hahn EG: Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatology. 30:1099–1104. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Hahn G, Lehmann HD, Kurten M, Uebel H and Vogel G: On the pharmacology and toxicology of silymarin, an antihepatotoxic active principle from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Arzneimittelforschung. 18:698–704. 1968.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Rajasekaran A and Periyasamy M: Synthesis and evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of some new mannich bases bearing benztriazole moiety. J Chil Chem Soc. 55:366–370. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Jia R, Cao LP, Du JL, Xu P, Jeney G and Yin GJ: The protective effect of silymarin on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Anim. 49:155–161. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Pappachan JM, Antonio FA, Edavalath M and Mukherjee A: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A diabetologist's perspective. Endocrine. 45:344–353. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Voroneanu L, Nistor I, Dumea R, Apetrii M and Covic A: Silymarin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Res. 2016:51474682016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Alcaraz-Contreras Y, Mendoza-Lozano RP, Martínez-Alcaraz ER, Martínez-Alfaro M, Gallegos-Corona MA, Ramírez-Morales MA and Vázquez-Guevara MA: Silymarin and dimercaptosuccinic acid ameliorate lead-induced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 35:398–403. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kim SH, Oh DS, Oh JY, Son TG, Yuk DY and Jung YS: Silymarin prevents restraint stress-induced acute liver injury by ameliorating oxidative stress and reducing inflammatory response. Molecules. 21:4432016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Merrell MD and Cherrington NJ: Drug metabolism alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Metab Rev. 43:317–334. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Li XX, Du FY, Liu HX, Ji JB and Xing J: Investigation of the active components in Tripterygium wilfordii leading to its acute hepatotoxicty and nephrotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol. 162:238–243. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Li XJY, Jiang ZZ and Zhang LY: Triptolide: Progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol. 155:67–79. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yang GH, Wang L, Yu XT and Chen H: Protective effect of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017:34703202017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Dastagir G and Rizvi MA: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice). Pak J Pharm Sci. 29:1727–1733. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Adaramoye OA, Odunewu AO and Farombi EO: Hepatoprotective effect of Curcuma longa L. in D-galactosamine induced liver injury in mice: Evidence of antioxidant activity. Afr J Med Med Sci. Suppl 39:S27–S34. 2010.

29 

Wan JM, Sit WH, Lee CL, Fu KH and Chan DK: Protection of lethal toxicity of endotoxin by Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE is via reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha release and liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol. 6:750–758. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wellington K and Jarvis B: Silymarin: A review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders. Biodrugs. 15:465–489. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Singh H, Sidhu S, Chopra K and Khan MU: Hepatoprotective effect of trans-Chalcone on experimentally induced hepatic injury in rats: Inhibition of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 94:879–887. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Ali MHH, Messiha BAS and Abdel-Latif HAT: Protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid, resveratrol, and N-acetylcysteine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Pharm Biol. 54:1198–1208. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Xing H, Jia K, He J, Shi C, Fang M, Song L, Zhang P, Zhao Y, Fu J and Li S: Establishment of the Tree Shrew as an alcohol-induced fatty liver model for the study of alcoholic liver diseases. PLoS One. 10:122015. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Cao LJ, Li HD, Yan M, Li ZH, Gong H, Jiang P, Deng Y, Fang PF and Zhang BK: The protective effects of isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhetinic acid against triptolide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells involve Nrf2 activation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016:89121842016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Saller R, Meier R and Brignoli R: The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs. 61:2035–2063. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Surai PF: Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: An overview of the current evidence and perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel). 4:204–247. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Feng B, Meng R, Huang B, Shen SM, Bi Y and Zhu DL: Silymarin alleviates hepatic oxidative stress and protects against metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-fed mice. Free Radic Res. 50:314–327. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang W, Hong RT and Tian TL: Silymarin's protective effects and possible mechanisms on alcoholic fatty liver for rats. Biomol Ther. 21:264–269. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Gu HP, Gu XZ, Xu QT and Kang WY: Antioxidant activity in vitro and hepatoprotective effect of Phlomis maximowiczii in vivo. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 11:46–52. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Simeonova R, Vitcheva V, Kondeva-Burdina M, Krasteva I, Manov V and Mitcheva M: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of saponarin, isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma Wend. on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013:7571262013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Yuan L, Gu XZ, Yin ZH and Kang WY: Antioxidant activities in vitro and hepatoprotective effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaves in vivo. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 11:85–91. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Farrell GC: Drugs and steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 22:185–194. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Desplaces A, Choppin J, Vogel G and Trost W: The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 25:89–96. 1975.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Woo K, Stewart SG, Kong GS, Finch-Edmondson ML, Dwyer BJ, Yeung SY, Abraham LJ, Kampmann SS, Diepeveen LA, Passman AM, et al: Identification of a thalidomide derivative that selectively targets tumorigenic liver progenitor cells and comparing its effects with lenalidomide and sorafenib. Eur J Med Chem. 120:275–283. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Imanishi H, Scales WE and Campbell DA: Tumor necrosis factor alpha alters the cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 230:120–124. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Auguet T, Vidal F, López-Dupla M, Broch M, Gutiérrez C, Olona M, Oltra C, Aguilar C, González E, Quer JC, et al: A study on the TNF-alpha system in Caucasian Spanish patients with alcoholic liver disease. Drug Alcohol Depend. 92:91–99. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Kim EK and Choi EJ: Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1802:396–405. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Herlaar E and Brown Z: p38 MAPK signalling cascades in inflammatory disease. Mol Med Today. 5:439–447. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Jaeschke H: Reactive oxygen and mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury: Present concepts. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26:173–179. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Jin YW, Zhao X, Zhang H, Li QS, Lu GD and Zhao XG: Modulatory effect of silymarin on pulmonary vascular dysfunction through HIF-1 alpha-iNOS following rat lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med. 12:1135–1140. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Zholobenko A and Modriansky M: Silymarin and its constituents in cardiac preconditioning. Fitoterapia. 97:122–132. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Volbracht C, Leist M, Kolb SA and Nicotera P: Apoptosis in caspase-inhibited neurons. Mol Med. 7:36–48. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

53 

Wu D and Cederbaum AI: Oxidative stress and alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 29:141–154. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Kuwana T and Newmeyer DD: Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 15:691–699. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Yang F, Zhuo L, Ananda S, Sun TY, Li SX and Liu L: Role of reactive oxygen species in triptolide-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells and renal injury in rats. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 31:335–341. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Tai T, Huang X, Su YW, Ji J, Su Y, Jiang Z and Zhang L: Glycyrrhizin accelerates the metabolism of triptolide through induction of CYP3A in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 152:358–363. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Han FM, Peng ZH, Wang JJ and Chen Y: In vivo effect of triptolide combined with glycyrrhetinic acid on rat cytochrome P450 enzymes. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 48:1136–1141. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Ye X, Li W, Yan Y, Mao C, Cai R, Xu H and Yang X: Effects of cytochrome P4503A inducer dexamethasone on the metabolism and toxicity of triptolide in rat. Toxicol Lett. 192:212–220. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang L, Huang Q, Li Y, Huang Y, Xie J, Xu L, Dou Y, Su Z, Zeng H, Chen J, Chen J, et al: Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Mol Med Rep 17: 789-800, 2018.
APA
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L. ... Chen, J. (2018). Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 789-800. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7958
MLA
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L., Dou, Y., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Chen, J."Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 789-800.
Chicago
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L., Dou, Y., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Chen, J."Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 789-800. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7958
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang L, Huang Q, Li Y, Huang Y, Xie J, Xu L, Dou Y, Su Z, Zeng H, Chen J, Chen J, et al: Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Mol Med Rep 17: 789-800, 2018.
APA
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L. ... Chen, J. (2018). Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 789-800. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7958
MLA
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L., Dou, Y., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Chen, J."Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 789-800.
Chicago
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, J., Xu, L., Dou, Y., Su, Z., Zeng, H., Chen, J."Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 789-800. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7958
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team