Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2018 Volume 17 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus

  • Authors:
    • Jae‑Chul Lee
    • Joon Ha Park
    • Ji Hyeon Ahn
    • Jinseu Park
    • In Hye Kim
    • Jeong Hwi Cho
    • Bich Na Shin
    • Tae‑Kyeong Lee
    • Hyunjung Kim
    • Minah Song
    • Geum‑Sil Cho
    • Dae Won Kim
    • Il Jun Kang
    • Young‑Myeong Kim
    • Moo‑Ho Won
    • Soo Young Choi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea, Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Republic of Korea, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dentistry, Kangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1625-1632
    |
    Published online on: November 15, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8082
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Neurofilaments (NFs) including neurofilament‑200 kDa (NF‑H), neurofilament‑165 kDa (NF‑M) and neurofilament‑68 kDa (NF‑L) are major protein constituents of the brain, and serve important roles in the regulation of axonal transport. NF alteration is a key feature in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders involving cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, cognitive impairments were investigated, via assessments using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests, in mice following chronic systemic treatment with 1 mg/kg scopolamine (SCO) for 4 weeks. SCO‑induced cognitive impairments were significantly observed 1 week following the SCO treatment, and these cognitive deficits were maintained for 4 weeks. However, the NF immunoreactivities and levels were altered differently according to the hippocampal subregion following SCO treatment. NF‑H immunoreactivity and levels were markedly altered in all hippocampal subregions, and were significantly increased 1 week following the SCO treatment; thereafter, the immunoreactivity and levels significantly decreased with time. NF‑M immunoreactivity and levels gradually decreased in the hippocampus and were significantly decreased 4 weeks following SCO treatment. NF‑L immunoreactivity and levels gradually decreased in the hippocampus, and were significantly decreased 2 and 4 weeks following SCO treatment. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that chronic systemic treatment with SCO induced cognitive impairment from 1 week following SCO treatment, and NF expression was diversely altered according to the hippocampal subregion from 1 week following SCO treatment. These results suggest that SCO‑induced changes in NF expression may be associated with cognitive impairment.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Bartus RT, Dean RL III, Beer B and Lippa AS: The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science. 217:408–414. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Zhou MM, Xue Y, Sun SH, Wen M, Li ZJ, Xu J, Wang JF, Yanagita T, Wang YM and Xue CH: Effects of different fatty acids composition of phosphatidylcholine on brain function of dementia mice induced by scopolamine. Lipids Health Dis. 15:1352016. View Article : Google Scholar :

3 

Lee B, Sur B, Shim J, Hahm DH and Lee H: Acupuncture stimulation improves scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment via activation of cholinergic system and regulation of BDNF and CREB expressions in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 14:3382014. View Article : Google Scholar :

4 

Park JH, Choi HY, Cho JH, Kim IH, Lee TK, Lee JC, Won MH, Chen BH, Shin BN, Ahn JH, et al: Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairments and myelin basic protein expression in the mouse hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci. 59:579–589. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Yoo DY, Choi JH, Kim W, Nam SM, Jung HY, Kim JH, Won MH, Yoon YS and Hwang IK: Effects of luteolin on spatial memory, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in a scopolamine-induced amnesia model. Neurol Res. 35:813–820. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Ahmed T and Gilani AH: Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia may explain medicinal use of turmeric in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 91:554–559. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Klinkenberg I and Blokland A: The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: A review of animal behavioral studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 34:1307–1350. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Lian W, Fang J, Xu L, Zhou W, Kang, Xiong W, Jia H, Liu AL and Du GH: DL0410 ameliorates memory and cognitive impairments induced by scopolamine via increasing cholinergic neurotransmission in mice. Molecules. 22:pii: E410. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Hami J, Kheradmand H and Haghir H: Sex differences and laterality of insulin receptor distribution in developing rat hippocampus: An immunohistochemical study. J Mol Neurosci. 54:100–108. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Huang W, Cao J, Liu X, Meng F, Li M, Chen B and Zhang J: AMPK plays a dual role in regulation of CREB/BDNF pathway in mouse primary hippocampal cells. J Mol Neurosci. 56:782–788. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Kong Y, Bai PS, Sun H and Nan KJ: Expression of the newly identified gene CAC1 in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Mol Neurosci. 47:207–218. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, Zuo H, Xu X, Dong J, Zhou H and Peng R: MicroRNAs: Novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats' hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci. 53:222–230. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Terry AV Jr, Callahan PM, Hall B and Webster SJ: Alzheimer's disease and age-related memory decline (preclinical). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 99:190–210. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar :

14 

Gold PE: Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 80:194–210. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Hasselmo ME: The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 16:710–715. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar :

16 

Lippa AS, Critchett DJ, Ehlert F, Yamamura HI, Enna SJ and Bartus RT: Age-related alterations in neurotransmitter receptors: An electrophysiological and biochemical analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2:3–8. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Vijayan VK: Cholinergic enzymes in the cerebellum and the hippocampus of the senescent mouse. Exp Gerontol. 12:7–11. 1977. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Nixon RA and Sihag RK: Neurofilament phosphorylation: A new look at regulation and function. Trends Neurosci. 14:501–506. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah E and Hyman BT: Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 1:a0061892011. View Article : Google Scholar :

20 

Dong DL, Xu ZS, Chevrier MR, Cotter RJ, Cleveland DW and Hart GW: Glycosylation of mammalian neurofilaments. Localization of multiple O-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties on neurofilament polypeptides L and M. J Biol Chem. 268:16679–16687. 1993.

21 

Sánchez I, Hassinger L, Sihag RK, Cleveland DW, Mohan P and Nixon RA: Local control of neurofilament accumulation during radial growth of myelinating axons in vivo. Selective role of site-specific phosphorylation. J Cell Biol. 151:1013–1024. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar :

22 

Yabe JT, Chan WK, Chylinski TM, Lee S, Pimenta AF and Shea TB: The predominant form in which neurofilament subunits undergo axonal transport varies during axonal initiation, elongation, and maturation. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 48:61–83. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Hayes RL, Yang K, Whitson JS and Postmantur R: Cytoskeletal derangements following central nervous system injury: Modulation by neurotrophic gene transfection. J Neurotrauma. 12:933–941. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Tu PH, Elder G, Lazzarini RA, Nelson D, Trojanowski JQ and Lee VM: Overexpression of the human NFM subunit in transgenic mice modifies the level of endogenous NFL and the phosphorylation state of NFH subunits. J Cell Biol. 129:1629–1640. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar :

25 

Al-Chalabi A and Miller CC: Neurofilaments and neurological disease. Bioessays. 25:346–355. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Julien JP: Neurofilament functions in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 9:554–560. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Perrot R, Berges R, Bocquet A and Eyer J: Review of the multiple aspects of neurofilament functions, and their possible contribution to neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol. 38:27–65. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Vickers JC, Kirkcaldie MT, Phipps A and King AE: Alterations in neurofilaments and the transformation of the cytoskeleton in axons may provide insight into the aberrant neuronal changes of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull. 126:324–333. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Siedler DG, Chuah MI, Kirkcaldie MT, Vickers JC and King AE: Diffuse axonal injury in brain trauma: Insights from alterations in neurofilaments. Front Cell Neurosci. 8:4292014. View Article : Google Scholar :

30 

Wang X, Wang ZH, Wu YY, Tang H, Tan L, Wang X, Gao XY, Xiong YS, Liu D, Wang JZ and Zhu LQ: Melatonin attenuates scopolamine-induced memory/synaptic disorder by rescuing EPACs/miR-124/Egr1 pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 47:373–381. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Yan BC, Park JH, Chen BH, Cho JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Hwang IK, Cho JH, Lee YL, et al: Long-term administration of scopolamine interferes with nerve cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, but it does not induce cell death. Neural Regen Res. 9:1731–1739. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

32 

Lee JC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Cho JH, Choi JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Cho JH, et al: NNew GABAergic neurogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 region of a gerbil model of long-term survival after transient cerebral ischemic injury. Brain Pathol. 26:581–592. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Park JH, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Lee JY, Kang IJ and Won MH: FoxO3a immunoreactivity is markedly decreased in the dentate gyrus, not the hippocampus proper, of the aged gerbil. Exp Gerontol. 46:836–840. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Blokland A: Scopolamine-induced deficits in cognitive performance: A review of animal studies. Scopolamine Rev. 1:1–76. 2005.

35 

Ebert U and Kirch W: Scopolamine model of dementia: Electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance. Eur J Clin Invest. 28:944–949. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Shi Z, Chen L, Li S, Chen S, Sun X, Sun L, Li Y, Zeng J, He Y and Liu X: Chronic scopolamine-injection-induced cognitive deficit on reward-directed instrumental learning in rat is associated with CREB signaling activity in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 230:245–260. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Romanski LM and LeDoux JE: Information cascade from primary auditory cortex to the amygdala: Corticocortical and corticoamygdaloid projections of temporal cortex in the rat. Cereb Cortex. 3:515–532. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

D'Hooge R and De Deyn PP: Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 36:60–90. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Morris R: Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 11:47–60. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Fletcher DA and Mullins RD: Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton. Nature. 463:485–492. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

41 

Norgren N, Rosengren L and Stigbrand T: Elevated neurofilament levels in neurological diseases. Brain Res. 987:25–31. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Gotow T: Neurofilaments in health and disease. Med Electron Microsc. 33:173–199. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Fournier AJ, Rajbhandari L, Shrestha S, Venkatesan A and Ramesh KT: In vitro and in situ visualization of cytoskeletal deformation under load: traumatic axonal injury. FASEB J. 28:5277–5287. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Leifer D and Kowall NW: Immunohistochemical patterns of selective cellular vulnerability in human cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci. 119:217–228. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Posmantur RM, Newcomb JK, Kampfl A and Hayes RL: Light and confocal microscopic studies of evolutionary changes in neurofilament proteins following cortical impact injury in the rat. Exp Neurol. 161:15–26. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Reinés A, Cereseto M, Ferrero A, Bonavita C and Wikinski S: Neuronal cytoskeletal alterations in an experimental model of depression. Neuroscience. 129:529–538. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Sanna MD, Ghelardini C and Galeotti N: Effect of amitriptyline treatment on neurofilament-H protein in an experimental model of depression. Brain Res Bull. 128:1–6. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lee JC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Park J, Kim IH, Cho JH, Shin BN, Lee TK, Kim H, Song M, Song M, et al: Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus. Mol Med Rep 17: 1625-1632, 2018.
APA
Lee, J., Park, J.H., Ahn, J.H., Park, J., Kim, I.H., Cho, J.H. ... Choi, S.Y. (2018). Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 1625-1632. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8082
MLA
Lee, J., Park, J. H., Ahn, J. H., Park, J., Kim, I. H., Cho, J. H., Shin, B. N., Lee, T., Kim, H., Song, M., Cho, G., Kim, D. W., Kang, I. J., Kim, Y., Won, M., Choi, S. Y."Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 1625-1632.
Chicago
Lee, J., Park, J. H., Ahn, J. H., Park, J., Kim, I. H., Cho, J. H., Shin, B. N., Lee, T., Kim, H., Song, M., Cho, G., Kim, D. W., Kang, I. J., Kim, Y., Won, M., Choi, S. Y."Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 1625-1632. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8082
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lee JC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Park J, Kim IH, Cho JH, Shin BN, Lee TK, Kim H, Song M, Song M, et al: Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus. Mol Med Rep 17: 1625-1632, 2018.
APA
Lee, J., Park, J.H., Ahn, J.H., Park, J., Kim, I.H., Cho, J.H. ... Choi, S.Y. (2018). Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 1625-1632. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8082
MLA
Lee, J., Park, J. H., Ahn, J. H., Park, J., Kim, I. H., Cho, J. H., Shin, B. N., Lee, T., Kim, H., Song, M., Cho, G., Kim, D. W., Kang, I. J., Kim, Y., Won, M., Choi, S. Y."Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.1 (2018): 1625-1632.
Chicago
Lee, J., Park, J. H., Ahn, J. H., Park, J., Kim, I. H., Cho, J. H., Shin, B. N., Lee, T., Kim, H., Song, M., Cho, G., Kim, D. W., Kang, I. J., Kim, Y., Won, M., Choi, S. Y."Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive impairment and neurofilament expression in the mouse hippocampus". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 1 (2018): 1625-1632. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8082
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team