Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2018 Volume 17 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2018 Volume 17 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease

  • Authors:
    • Hiu‑Gwen Tsang
    • Lin Cui
    • Colin Farquharson
    • Brendan M. Corcoran
    • Kim M. Summers
    • Vicky E. Macrae
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
    Copyright: © Tsang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2100-2106
    |
    Published online on: November 27, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8163
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) involves progressive valve leaflet thickening and severe calcification, impairing leaflet motion. The in vitro calcification of primary rat, human, porcine and bovine aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) is commonly employed to investigate CAVD mechanisms. However, to date, no published studies have utilised cell lines to investigate this process. The present study has therefore generated and evaluated the calcification potential of immortalized cell lines derived from sheep and rat VICs. Immortalised sheep (SAVIC) and rat (RAVIC) cell lines were produced by transduction with a recombinant lentivirus encoding the Simian virus (SV40) large and small T antigens (sheep), or large T antigen only (rat), which expressed markers of VICs (vimentin and α‑smooth muscle actin). Calcification was induced in the presence of calcium (Ca; 2.7 mM) in SAVICs (1.9 fold; P<0.001) and RAVICs (4.6 fold; P<0.01). Furthermore, a synergistic effect of calcium and phosphate was observed (2.7 mM Ca/2.0 mM Pi) on VIC calcification in the two cell lines (P<0.001). Analysis of SAVICs revealed significant increases in the mRNA expression of two key genes associated with vascular calcification in cells cultured under calcifying conditions, runt related transcription factor‑2 (RUNX2;1.3 fold; P<0.05 in 4.5 mM Ca) and sodium‑dependent phosphate transporter‑1 (PiT1; 1.2 fold; P<0.05 in 5.4 mM Ca). A concomitant decrease in the expression of the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein (MGP) was noted at 3.6 mM Ca (1.3 fold; P<0.01). Assessment of RAVICs revealed alterations in Runx2, Pit1 and Mgp mRNA expression levels (P<0.01). Furthermore, a significant reduction in calcification was observed in SAVICs following treatment with established calcification inhibitors, pyrophosphate (1.8 fold; P<0.01) and etidronate (3.2 fold; P<0.01). Overall, the present study demonstrated that the use of immortalised sheep and rat VIC cell lines is a convenient and cost effective system to investigate CAVD in vitro, and will make a useful contribution to increasing current understanding of the pathophysiological process.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Freeman RV and Otto CM: Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: Pathogenesis, disease progression and treatment strategies. Circulation. 111:3316–3326. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, Kitzman DW and Otto CM: Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 29:630–634. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Coffey S, Cox B and Williams MJ: The prevalence, incidence, progression and risks of aortic valve sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 63:2852–2861. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lindman BR, Clavel MA, Mathieu P, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, Kitzman DW and Otto CM: Calcific aortic stenosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2:160062016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Balaoing LR, Post AD, Liu H, Minn KT and Grande-Allen KJ: Age-related changes in aortic valve hemostatic protein regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 34:72–80. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Yutzey KE, Demer LL, Body SC, Huggins GS, Towler DA, Giachelli CM, Hofmann-Bowman MA, Mortlock DP, Rogers MB, Sadeghi MM and Aikawa E: Calcific aortic valve disease: A consensus summary from the alliance of investigators on calcific aortic valve disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 34:2387–2393. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Pawade TA, Newby DE and Dweck MR: Calcification in aortic stenosis: The skeleton key. J Am Coll Cardiol. 66:561–577. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

New SE and Aikawa E: Molecular imaging insights into early inflammatory stages of arterial and aortic valve calcification. Circ Res. 108:1381–1391. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Dweck MR, Pawade TA and Newby DE: Aortic stenosis begets aortic stenosis: Between a rock and a hard place? Heart. 101:919–920. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Leopold JA: Cellular mechanisms of aortic valve calcification. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 5:605–614. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Mohler ER III, Gannon F, Reynolds C, Zimmerman R, Keane MG and Kaplan FS: Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 103:1522–1528. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Poggio P, Sainger R, Branchetti E, Grau JB, Lai EK, Gorman RC, Sacks MS, Parolari A, Bavaria JE and Ferrari G: Noggin attenuates the osteogenic activation of human valve interstitial cells in aortic valve sclerosis. Cardiovasc Res. 98:402–410. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Monzack EL and Masters KS: Can valvular interstitial cells become true osteoblasts? A side-by-side comparison. J Heart Valve Dis. 20:449–463. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Osman L, Yacoub MH, Latif N, Amrani M and Chester AH: Role of human valve interstitial cells in valve calcification and their response to atorvastatin. Circulation. 114:I547–I552. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yip CY, Chen JH, Zhao R and Simmons CA: Calcification by valve interstitial cells is regulated by the stiffness of the extracellular matrix. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 29:936–942. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Cloyd KL, El-Hamamsy I, Boonrungsiman S, Grau JB, Lai EK, Gorman RC, Sacks MS, Parolari A, Bavaria JE and Ferrari G: Characterization of porcine aortic valvular interstitial cell ‘calcified’ nodules. PLoS One. 7:e481542012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Gomez-Stallons MV, Wirrig-Schwendeman EE, Hassel KR, Conway SJ and Yutzey KE: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for aortic valve calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 36:1398–1405. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Côté N, El Husseini D, Pépin A, Guauque-Olarte S, Ducharme V, Bouchard-Cannon P, Audet A, Fournier D, Gaudreault N, Derbali H, et al: ATP acts as a survival signal and prevents the mineralization of aortic valve. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 52:1191–1202. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

El Husseini D, Boulanger MC, Fournier D, Mahmut A, Bossé Y, Pibarot P and Mathieu P: High expression of the Pi-transporter SLC20A1/Pit1 in calcific aortic valve disease promotes mineralization through regulation of Akt-1. PLoS One. 8:e533932013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Seya K, Yu Z, Kanemaru K, Daitoku K, Akemoto Y, Shibuya H, Fukuda I, Okumura K, Motomura S and Furukawa K: Contribution of bone morphogenetic protein-2 to aortic valve calcification in aged rat. J Pharmacol Sci. 115:8–14. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Acharya A, Hans CP, Koenig SN, Nichols HA, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Merrill WH, Hinton RB and Garg V: Inhibitory role of Notch1 in calcific aortic valve disease. PLoS One. 6:e277432011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Cui L, Rashdan NA, Zhu D, Milne EM, Ajuh P, Milne G, Helfrich MH, Lim K, Prasad S, Lerman DA, et al: End stage renal disease-induced hypercalcemia may promotes aortic valve calcification via Annexin VI enrichment of valve interstitial cell-derived matrix vesicles. J Cell Physiol. 232:2985–2995. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Iop L, D'Andrea S, Puato M, Buso G, Causin V, Gerosa G, Faggin E and Pauletto P: Extracellular pyrophosphate is reduced in aortic interstitial valve cells acquiring a calcifying profile: Implications for aortic valve calcification. Atherosclerosis. 237:568–576. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Rattazzi M, Iop L, Faggin E, Bertacco E, Zoppellaro G, Baesso I, Puato M, Torregrossa G, Fadini GP, Agostini C, et al: Clones of interstitial cells from bovine aortic valve exhibit different calcifying potential when exposed to endotoxin and phosphate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28:2165–2172. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, McNair R, Schurgers LJ, Proudfoot D, Jahnen-Dechent W, Weissberg PL and Shanahan CM: Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: A potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 15:2857–2867. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Zhu D, Mackenzie NC, Millan JL, Farquharson C and Macrae VE: Upregulation of IGF2 expression during vascular calcification. J Mol Endocrinol. 52:77–85. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhu D, Mackenzie NC, Shanahan CM, Shroff RC, Farquharson C and MacRae VE: BMP-9 regulates the osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through an ALK1 mediated pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 19:165–174. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Mackenzie NC, Zhu D, Longley L, Patterson CS, Kommareddy S and MacRae VE: MOVAS-1 cell line: A new in vitro model of vascular calcification. Int J Mol Med. 27:663–668. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Staines KA, Zhu D, Farquharson C and MacRae VE: Identification of novel regulators of osteoblast matrix mineralization by time series transcriptional profiling. J Bone Miner Metab. 32:240–251. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Liu AC, Joag VR and Gotlieb AI: The emerging role of valve interstitial cell phenotypes in regulating heart valve pathobiology. Am J Pathol. 171:1407–1418. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Latif N, Quillon A, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Lozanoski A, Yacoub MH and Chester AH: Modulation of human valve interstitial cell phenotype and function using a fibroblast growth factor 2 formulation. PLoS One. 10:e01278442015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Register TC and Wuthier RE: Effect of pyrophosphate and two diphosphonates on 45Ca and 32Pi uptake and mineralization by matrix vesicle-enriched fractions and by hydroxyapatite. Bone. 6:307–312. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Lomashvili KA, Garg P, Narisawa S, Millan JL and O'Neill WC: Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphate hydrolysis: Potential mechanism for uremic vascular calcification. Kidney Int. 73:1024–1030. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lomashvili KA, Monier-Faugere MC, Wang X, Malluche HH and O'Neill WC: Effect of bisphosphonates on vascular calcification and bone metabolism in experimental renal failure. Kidney Int. 75:617–625. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Afroze T, Yang LL, Wang C, Gros R, Kalair W, Hoque AN, Mungrue IN, Zhu Z and Husain M: Calcineurin-independent regulation of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase-4 in the vascular smooth muscle cell cycle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 285:C88–C95. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Idelevich A, Rais Y and Monsonego-Ornan E: Bone Gla protein increases HIF-1alpha-dependent glucose metabolism and induces cartilage and vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31:e55–e71. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Kelynack KJ and Holt SG: An in vitro murine model of vascular smooth muscle cell mineralization. Methods Mol Biol. 1397:209–220. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zhu D, Rashdan NA, Chapman KE, Hadoke PW and MacRae VE: A novel role for the mineralocorticoid receptor in glucocorticoid driven vascular calcification. Vascul Pharmacol. 86:87–93. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zhu D, Hadoke PW, Wu J, Vesey AT, Lerman DA, Dweck MR, Newby DE, Smith LB and MacRae VE: Ablation of the androgen receptor from vascular smooth muscle cells demonstrates a role for testosterone in vascular calcification. Sci Rep. 6:248072016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Johnson RC, Leopold JA and Loscalzo J: Vascular calcification: Pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Circ Res. 99:1044–1059. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Li X, Yang HY and Giachelli CM: Role of the sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, Pit-1, in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res. 98:905–912. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yao Y, Bennett BJ, Wang X, Rosenfeld ME, Giachelli C, Lusis AJ and Boström KI: Inhibition of bone morphogenetic proteins protects against atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. Circ Res. 107:485–494. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR and Karsenty G: Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature. 386:78–81. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Koos R, Krueger T, Westenfeld R, Kühl HP, Brandenburg V, Mahnken AH, Stanzel S, Vermeer C, Cranenburg EC, Floege J, et al: Relation of circulating Matrix Gla-Protein and anticoagulation status in patients with aortic valve calcification. Thromb Haemost. 101:706–713. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Villa-Bellosta R, Wang X, Millan JL, Dubyak GR and O'Neill WC: Extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism and calcification in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 301:H61–H68. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Li Q, Kingman J, Sundberg JP, Levine MA and Uitto J: Dual effects of bisphosphonates on ectopic skin and vascular soft tissue mineralization versus bone microarchitecture in a mouse model of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. J Invest Dermatol. 136:275–283. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tsang HG, Cui L, Farquharson C, Corcoran BM, Summers KM and Macrae VE: Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease. Mol Med Rep 17: 2100-2106, 2018.
APA
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B.M., Summers, K.M., & Macrae, V.E. (2018). Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 2100-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8163
MLA
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B. M., Summers, K. M., Macrae, V. E."Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.2 (2018): 2100-2106.
Chicago
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B. M., Summers, K. M., Macrae, V. E."Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 2 (2018): 2100-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8163
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tsang HG, Cui L, Farquharson C, Corcoran BM, Summers KM and Macrae VE: Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease. Mol Med Rep 17: 2100-2106, 2018.
APA
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B.M., Summers, K.M., & Macrae, V.E. (2018). Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 2100-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8163
MLA
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B. M., Summers, K. M., Macrae, V. E."Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.2 (2018): 2100-2106.
Chicago
Tsang, H., Cui, L., Farquharson, C., Corcoran, B. M., Summers, K. M., Macrae, V. E."Exploiting novel valve interstitial cell lines to study calcific aortic valve disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 2 (2018): 2100-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8163
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team