Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2018 Volume 17 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2018 Volume 17 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells

  • Authors:
    • Guadalupe Dominguez‑Gomez
    • Alma Chavez‑Blanco
    • Jose Luis Medina‑Franco
    • Fernanda Saldivar‑Gonzalez
    • Ytzel Flores‑Torrontegui
    • Mandy Juarez
    • José Díaz‑Chávez
    • Aurora Gonzalez‑Fierro
    • Alfonso Dueñas‑González
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Basic Research, National Cancer Institute Mexico, Mexico City 14080, Mexico, Faculty of Chemistry, Pharmacy Department, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico, Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer, Institute of Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
  • Pages: 3397-3403
    |
    Published online on: December 8, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8231
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that ivermectin preferentially inhibited cancer stem‑like cells (CSC) in breast cancer cells and downregulated the expression of ‘stemness’ genes. Computational searching of DrugBank, a database of approved drugs, was performed using the principles of two‑dimensional similarity searching; the chemical structure of salinomycin was used as a query. Growth inhibition of the breast cancer cell lin e MDA‑MB‑231 by ivermectin was investigated in the total cell population, in cell spheroids and in sorted cells that expressed cluster of differentiation (CD)44+/CD24‑. The effects of ivermectin treatment on the expression of pluripotency and self‑renewal transcription factors, such as homeobox protein nanog (nanog), octamer‑binding protein 4 (oct‑4) and SRY‑box 2 (sox‑2), were evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Ivermectin exhibited a similarity value of 0.78 in reference to salinomycin. Ivermectin demonstrated an inhibitory effect upon the growth of MDA‑MB‑231 cells in the range of 0.2‑8 µM. Ivermectin preferentially inhibits the viability of CSC‑enriched populations (CD44+/CD24‑ and cells growing in spheroids) compared with the total cell population. The opposite pattern was observed with paclitaxel treatment. Ivermectin exposure reduced the expression of nanog, oct‑4 and sox‑2 at the mRNA and protein levels. Ivermectin preferentially inhibited the CSC subpopulation in the MDA‑MB‑231 cells and downregulated the expression of genes involved in the maintenance of pluripotency and self‑renewal.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Stromectol cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat onchocerciasis. http://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/250/stromectol-ivermectin

2 

Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, et al: Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: First evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 3:e4972009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ottesen EA and Campbell WC: Ivermectin in human medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother. 34:195–203. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Dueñas-González A, García-López P, Herrera LA, Medina-Franco JL, González-Fierro A and Candelaria M: The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents. Mol Cancer. 7:822008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Didier A and Loor F: The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Anticancer Drugs. 7:745–751. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Driniaev VA, Mosin VA, Krugliak EB, Sterlina TC, Novik TC, Ermakova NV, Kublik LN, Levitman MKh, Shaposhnikova VV and Korystov IuN: Modification of antitumor effect of vincristine by natural avermectins. Antibiot Khimioter. 49:3–5. 2004.(In Russian). PubMed/NCBI

7 

Gupta PB, Onder TT, Jiang G, Tao K, Kuperwasser C, Weinberg RA and Lander ES: Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening. Cell. 138:645–659. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Law V, Knox C, Djoumbou Y, Jewison T, Guo AC, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Arndt D, Wilson M, Neveu V, et al: Drugbank 4.0: Shedding new light on drug metabolism. Nucl Acids Res. 42(Database Issue): D1091–D1097. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Durant JL, Leland BA, Henry DR and Nourse JG: Reoptimization of Mdl Keys for use in drug discovery. J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 42:1273–1280. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Willett P, Barnard JM and Downs GM: Chemical similarity searching. J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 38:983–996. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), version 2010.10. Chemical Computing Group Inc.; Montreal, PQ, Canada: http://www.chemcomp.com

12 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Medina-Franco JL and Maggiora GM: Molecular similarity analysisChemoinformatics for Drug Discovery. Bajorath J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Hoboken, New Jersey: pp. 343–399. 2014

14 

Maggiora GM: On outliers and activity cliffs - why QSAR often disappoints. J Chem Inf Model. 46:15352006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Tanaka H, Nakamura M, Kameda C, Kubo M, Sato N, Kuroki S, Tanaka M and Katano M: The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an essential role in maintaining the CD44+CD24-/low subpopulation and the side population of breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 29:2147–2157. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ and Clarke MF: Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:pp. 3983–3988. 2003; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sheridan C, Kishimoto H, Fuchs RK, Mehrotra S, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Turner CH, Goulet R Jr, Badve S and Nakshatri H: CD44+/CD24- breast cancer cells exhibit enhanced invasive properties: An early step necessary for metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 8:R592006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Piscitelli E, Cocola C, Thaden FR, Pelucchi P, Gray B, Bertalot G, Albertini A, Reinbold R and Zucchi I: Culture and characterization of mammary cancer stem cells in mammospheres. Methods Mol Biol. 1235:243–262. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wang Y: Effects of salinomycin on cancer stem cell in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Med Chem. 7:106–111. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zhang W, Sui Y, Ni J and Yang T: Insights into the Nanog gene: A propeller for stemness in primitive stem cells. Int J Biol Sci. 12:1372–1381. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Dragu DL, Necula LG, Bleotu C, Diaconu CC and Chivu-Economescu M: Therapies targeting cancer stem cells: Current trends and future challenges. World J Stem Cells. 7:1185–1201. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Takebe N, Harris PJ, Warren RQ and Ivy PS: Targeting cancer stem cells by inhibiting Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8:97–106. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Subedi A, Futamura Y, Nishi M, Ryo A, Watanabe N and Osada H: High-throughput screening identifies artesunate as selective inhibitor of cancer stemness: Involvement of mitochondrial metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 477:737–742. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

An H, Kim JY, Oh E, Lee N, Cho Y and Seo JH: Salinomycin promotes anoikis and decreases the CD44+/CD24- stem-like population via inhibition of STAT3 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells. PLoS One. 10:e01419192015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Krotneva SP, Coffeng LE, Noma M, Zouré HG, Bakoné L, Amazigo UV, de Vlas SJ and Stolk WA: African Program for Onchocerciasis Control 1995–2010: Impact of annual ivermectin mass treatment on off-target infectious diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9:e00040512015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yoon YJ, Kim ES, Hwang YS and Choi CY: Avermectin: biochemical and molecular basis of its biosynthesis and regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 63:626–634. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Barragry TB: A review of the pharmacology and clinical uses of ivermectin. Can Vet J. 28:512–517. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sharmeen S, Skrtic M, Sukhai MA, Hurren R, Gronda M, Wang X, Fonseca SB, Sun H, Wood TE, Ward R, et al: The antiparasitic agent ivermectin induces chloride-dependent membrane hyperpolarization and cell death in leukemia cells. Blood. 116:3593–3603. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Liu Y, Fang S, Sun Q and Liu B: Anthelmintic drug ivermectin inhibits angiogenesis, growth and survival of glioblastoma through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Comun. 480:415–421. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Dou Q, Chen HN, Wang K, Yuan K, Lei Y, Li K, Lan J, Chen Y, Huang Z, Xie N, et al: Ivermectin induces cytostatic autophagy by blocking the PAK1/Akt axis in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 76:4457–4469. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Draganov D, Gopalakrishna-Pillai S, Chen YR, Zuckerman N, Moeller S, Wang C, Ann D and Lee PP: Modulation of P2X4/P2×7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Sci Rep. 5:162222015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Mosin VA, Krugliak EB, Sterlina TS, Korystov IuN, Shaposhnikova VV, Narimanov AA, Kublik LN, Levitman MKh, Viktorov AV and Driniaev VA: Cytotoxic and cytostatic effect of avermectines on tumor cells in vitro. Antibiot Khimioter. 45:10–14. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Melotti A, Mas C, Kuciak M, Lorente-Trigos A, Borges I and Ruiz Altaba A: The river blindness drug ivermectin and related macrocyclic lactones inhibit WNT-TCF pathway responses in human cancer. EMBO Mol Med. 6:1263–1278. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kwon YJ, Petrie K, Leibovitch BA, Zeng L, Mezei M, Howell L, Gil V, Christova R, Bansal N, Yang S, et al: Selective inhibition of SIN3 corepressor with avermectins as a novel therapeutic strategy in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 14:1824–1836. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Dominguez‑Gomez G, Chavez‑Blanco A, Medina‑Franco JL, Saldivar‑Gonzalez F, Flores‑Torrontegui Y, Juarez M, Díaz‑Chávez J, Gonzalez‑Fierro A and Dueñas‑González A: Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells. Mol Med Rep 17: 3397-3403, 2018.
APA
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J.L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M. ... Dueñas‑González, A. (2018). Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3397-3403. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8231
MLA
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J. L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M., Díaz‑Chávez, J., Gonzalez‑Fierro, A., Dueñas‑González, A."Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.2 (2018): 3397-3403.
Chicago
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J. L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M., Díaz‑Chávez, J., Gonzalez‑Fierro, A., Dueñas‑González, A."Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 2 (2018): 3397-3403. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8231
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Dominguez‑Gomez G, Chavez‑Blanco A, Medina‑Franco JL, Saldivar‑Gonzalez F, Flores‑Torrontegui Y, Juarez M, Díaz‑Chávez J, Gonzalez‑Fierro A and Dueñas‑González A: Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells. Mol Med Rep 17: 3397-3403, 2018.
APA
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J.L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M. ... Dueñas‑González, A. (2018). Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 3397-3403. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8231
MLA
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J. L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M., Díaz‑Chávez, J., Gonzalez‑Fierro, A., Dueñas‑González, A."Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.2 (2018): 3397-3403.
Chicago
Dominguez‑Gomez, G., Chavez‑Blanco, A., Medina‑Franco, J. L., Saldivar‑Gonzalez, F., Flores‑Torrontegui, Y., Juarez, M., Díaz‑Chávez, J., Gonzalez‑Fierro, A., Dueñas‑González, A."Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 2 (2018): 3397-3403. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8231
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team