Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 17 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 17 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression

  • Authors:
    • Man‑He Zhang
    • Xiu‑Min Zhou
    • Jian‑Zhong Cui
    • Kai‑Jie Wang
    • Yan Feng
    • Hong‑Ao Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 8079-8086
    |
    Published online on: April 19, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8898
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on traumatic brain injury (TBI), and further evaluate whether the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms are associated with neurological apoptosis and the expression of 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in the hippocampus. A total of 90 adult male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n=30/group): Sham, TBI and Dex groups. The rat models of TBI were established using a modified weight‑drop device and Dex (15 µg/kg) was intravenously administered immediately following TBI. The brain edema and neurological function outcomes of TBI were assessed using wet‑dry weight analysis and the Neurological Severity Score method. The expression levels of B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax) in the rat hippocampus were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. The protein levels of HSP70 in the hippocampal region were analyzed using western blot analysis. The results of the present study revealed that administration of Dex post‑TBI improved brain edema and neurological outcomes, due to the attenuation of the TBI‑induced reduction of Bax expression and increase of Bcl‑2 and HSP70 expression. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that administration of Dex may serve as a neuroprotective agent against brain injury, at least partially via the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and upregulation of HSP70 expression in the hippocampus.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Cheng G, Fu L, Zhang HY, Wang YM, Zhang LM and Zhang JN: The role of mitochondrial calcium uniporter in neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. Med Hypotheses. 80:115–117. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kumar A and Loane DJ: Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: Opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Brain Behav Immun. 26:1191–1201. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Summers CR, Ivins B and Schwab KA: Traumatic brain injury in the United States: An epidemiologic overview. Mt Sinai J Med. 76:105–110. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Stein SC, Georgoff P, Meghan S, Mizra K and Sonnad SS: 150 years of treating severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of progress in mortality. J Neurotraum. 27:1343–1353. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Smania N, Avesani R, Roncari L, Ianes P, Girardi P, Varalta V, Gambini MG, Fiaschi A and Gandolfi M: Factors predicting functional and cognitive recovery following severe traumatic, anoxic and cerebrovascular brain damage. J Head Trauma Rehab. 28:131–140. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Weber JT: Altered calcium signaling following traumatic brain injury. Front Pharmacol. 3:602012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Harvey LA and Close JC: Traumatic brain injury in older adults: Characteristics, causes and consequences. Injury. 43:1821–1826. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mangat HS: Severe traumatic brain injury. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 18:532–546. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Zink BJ, Szmydynger-Chodobska J and Chodobski A: Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 33:741–756. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hart T, Brenner L, Clark AN, Bogner JA, Novack TA, Chervoneva I, Nakase-Richardson R and Arango-Lasprilla JC: Major and minor depression after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabi. 92:1211–1219. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Bye N, Carron S, Han X, Agyapomaa D, Ng SY, Yan E, Rosenfeld JV and Morganti-Kossmann MC: Neurogenesis and glial proliferation are stimulated following diffuse traumatic brain injury in adult rats. J Neurosci Res. 89:986–1000. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Loane DJ and Faden AI: Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: Translational challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 31:596–604. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Blennow K, Hardy J and Zetterberg H: The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron. 76:886–899. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Xu X, Jiang R, Gong P, Liu Q, Chen Y, Hou S, Yuan D, Shi J and Lan Q: Up-regulation of FOS-like antigen 1 contributes to neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of rat following traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis. 33:115–125. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Sato A: Novel anticancer strategy targeting switch mechanisms in two types of cell death: Necrosis and apoptosis. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1315–1321. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Anderson MA, Huang D and Roberts A: Targeting BCL2 for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Semin Hematol. 51:219–227. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hartings JA, Bullock MR, Okonkwo DO, Murray LS, Murray GD, Fabricius M, Maas AI, Woitzik J, Sakowitz O, Mathern B, et al: Spreading depolarisations and outcome after traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 10:1058–1064. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Andriessen TM, Horn J, Franschman G, van der Naalt J, Haitsma I, Jacobs B, Steyerberg EW and Vos PE: Epidemiology, severity classification and outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: A prospective multicenter study. J Neurotraum. 28:2019–2031. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Zhang J, Jiang R, Liu L, Watkins T, Zhang F and Dong JF: Traumatic brain injury-associated coagulopathy. J Neurotraum. 29:2597–2605. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Wang Z, Kou D, Li Z, He Y, Yu W and Du H: Effects of propofol-dexmedetomidine combination on ischemia reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 35:825–834. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhu YM, Wang CC, Chen L, Qian LB, Ma LL, Yu J, Zhu MH, Wen CY, Yu LN and Yan M: Both PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Res. 1494:1–8. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Goyagi T and Tobe Y: Dexmedetomidine improves the histological and neurological outcomes 48 h after transient spinal ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 1566:24–30. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Liao Z, Cao D, Han X, Liu C, Peng J, Zuo Z, Wang F and Li Y: Both JNK and P38 MAPK pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull. 107:69–78. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Cui C, Cui Y, Gao J, Sun L, Wang Y, Wang K, Li R, Tian Y, Song S and Cui J: Neuroprotective effect of ceftriaxone in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neurol Sci. 35:695–700. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Marmarou A, Foda MA, van den Brink W, Campbell J, Kita H and Demetriadou K: A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: Pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg. 80:291–300. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yang NL, Xu DM and Ming GF: Intervention effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in rats. Pract Prev Med. 17:243–245. 2010.

27 

Roof RL, Duvdevani R, Heyburn JW and Stein DG: Progesterone rapidly decreases brain edema: Treatment delayed up to 24 h is still effective. Exp Neurol. 138:246–251. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zhang X, Chen Y, Jenkins LW, Kochanek PM and Clark RS: Bench-to-bedside review: Apoptosis/programmed cell death triggered by traumatic brain injury. Crit Care. 9:66–75. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Stoica BA and Faden AI: Cell death mechanisms and modulation in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 7:3–12. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Fanselow MS and Dong HW: Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron. 65:7–19. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shamas-Din A, Brahmbhatt H, Leber B and Andrews DW: BH3-only proteins: Orchestrators of apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1813:508–520. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Feder ME and Hofmann GE: Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu Rev Physiol. 61:243–282. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Xiong B, Shi QQ and Miao CH: Dexmedetomidine renders a brain protection on hippocampal formation through inhibition of nNOS-NO signalling in endotoxin-induced shock rats. Brain Inj. 28:1003–1008. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wang X, Ji J, Fen L and Wang A: Effects of dexmedetomidine on cerebral blood flow in critically ill patients with or without traumatic brain injury: A prospective controlled trial. Brain Inj. 27:1617–1622. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

James ML, Olson DM and Graffagnino C: A pilot study of cerebral and haemodynamic physiological changes during sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol in patients with acute brain injury. Anaesth Intens Care. 40:949–957. 2012.

36 

Nasrallah N A, Thomas M, Kuehl S and Diab K: The use of dexmedetomidine for longer than 48 h with evaluation of its secondary outcome in patients with liver disease. Chest. 150:228A2016. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Guler L, Bozkirli F, Bedirli N, Unal Y, Guler A, Oztas Y, Balta S, Cakar M, Demirkol S, Arslan Z and Unlu M: Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine vs. ketamine in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats-preliminary study. Adv Clin Exp Med. 23:683–689. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Si YN, Bao HG, Xu L, Wang XL, Shen Y, Wang JS and Yang XB: Dexmedetomidine protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney. Eur Rev Med Pharmaco Sci. 18:1843–1851. 2014.

39 

Jiang L, Li L, Shen J, Qi Z and Guo L: Effect of dexmedetomidine on lung ischemiareperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep. 9:419–426. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Cai Y, Xu H, Yan J, Zhang L and Lu Y: Molecular targets and mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine in treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep. 9:1542–1550. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Shen M, Wang S, Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, Zhou XM, Zhang MH, Wu DM, Lu J and Zheng YL: Dexmedetomidine exerts neuroprotective effect via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in rats with traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother. 95:885–893. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang MH, Zhou XM, Cui JZ, Wang KJ, Feng Y and Zhang HA: Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression. Mol Med Rep 17: 8079-8086, 2018.
APA
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., & Zhang, H. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 8079-8086. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8898
MLA
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Zhang, H."Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.6 (2018): 8079-8086.
Chicago
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Zhang, H."Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 6 (2018): 8079-8086. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8898
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang MH, Zhou XM, Cui JZ, Wang KJ, Feng Y and Zhang HA: Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression. Mol Med Rep 17: 8079-8086, 2018.
APA
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., & Zhang, H. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17, 8079-8086. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8898
MLA
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Zhang, H."Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression". Molecular Medicine Reports 17.6 (2018): 8079-8086.
Chicago
Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Cui, J., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Zhang, H."Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on traumatic brain injury: Involvement of neuronal apoptosis and HSP70 expression". Molecular Medicine Reports 17, no. 6 (2018): 8079-8086. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8898
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team