Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 18 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 18 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Zhenguang Du
    • Fusheng Li
    • Liangliang Wang
    • Hai Huang
    • Shaonian Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Du et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1917-1924
    |
    Published online on: June 18, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9184
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑184 in osteosarcoma growth, development and metastasis, and the effects of miRNA‑184 on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells and associated mechanisms. In vitro, miR‑184 was transfected into U‑2OS cells and 143B cells. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR‑184. MTT was utilized to detect cell proliferation. A Transwell assay was applied to detect cell invasiveness. In vivo, an osteosarcoma tibial orthotopic metastatic tumor model was established, and western blotting and RT‑qPCR were used to detect the expression of Wnt and β‑catenin. Following the overexpression of miR‑184, the proliferation and cell invasion ability were significantly increased in U‑2OS and 143B cells. Following inhibition of miR‑184, cell proliferation and cell invasion ability were significantly decreased. In nude mice, tumor volume significantly increased following overexpression of miR‑184, and Wnt and phosphorylated β‑catenin levels were significantly increased. Following miR‑184 inhibition, tumor volume was significantly decreased, and Wnt and phosphorylated β‑catenin levels were significantly decreased. The results of the present study indicated that the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway serves a key function in the mechanism of osteosarcoma. Inhibition of miRNA‑184 may reduce tumor volume of osteosarcoma via regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway and may provide a novel strategy for the future diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Unni KK: Osteosarcoma of bone. J Orthop Sci. 3:287–294. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Longhi A, Ferrari S, Bacci G and Specchia S: Long-term follow-up of patients with doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Anticancer Drugs. 18:737–744. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD, Healey JH, Bernstein ML, Betcher D, Ferguson WS, Gebhardt MC, Goorin AM, Harris M, et al: Osteosarcoma: The addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival-a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 26:633–638. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Hameed M and Dorfman H: Primary malignant bone tumors-recent developments. Semin Diagn Pathol. 28:86–101. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mirabello L, Troisi RJ and Savage SA: Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: Data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer. 115:1531–1543. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Diao C, Xi Y and Xiao T: Identification and analysis of key genes in osteosarcoma using bioinformatics. Oncol Lett. 15:2789–2794. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Liu Y, Sun W, Ma X, Hao Y, Liu G, Hu X, Shang H, Wu P, Zhao Z and Liu W: Logistic regression analysis for the identification of the metastasis-associated signaling pathways of osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Med. 41:1233–1244. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Miao J, Wu S, Peng Z, Tania M and Zhang C: MicroRNAs in osteosarcoma: Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Tumour Biol. 34:2093–2098. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Xu JQ, Zhang WB, Wan R and Yang YQ: MicroRNA-32 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by targeting Sox9. Tumour Biol. 35:9847–9853. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yan K, Gao J, Yang T, Ma Q, Qiu X, Fan Q and Ma B: MicroRNA-34a inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 7:e337782012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang K, Zhang C, Liu L and Zhou J: A key role of microRNA-29b in suppression of osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration via modulation of VEGF. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 7:5701–5708. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Li E, Zhang J, Yuan T and Ma B: MiR-145 inhibits osteosarcoma cells proliferation and invasion by targeting ROCK1. Tumour Biol. 35:7645–7650. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Han K, Zhao T, Chen X, Bian N, Yang T, Ma Q, Cai C, Fan Q, Zhou Y and Ma B: microRNA-194 suppresses osteosarcoma cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by targeting CDH2 and IGF1R. Int J Oncol. 45:1437–1449. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Pan W, Wang H, Jianwei R and Ye Z: MicroRNA-27a promotes proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting MAP2K4 in human osteosarcoma cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 33:402–412. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Shen L, Chen XD and Zhang YH: MicroRNA-128 promotes proliferation in osteosarcoma cells by downregulating PTEN. Tumour Biol. 35:2069–2074. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Su Z, Chen D, Li Y, Zhang E, Yu Z, Chen T, Jiang Z, Ni L, Yang S, Gui Y, et al: microRNA-184 functions as tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med. 9:961–966. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wu G, Liu J, Wu Z, Wu X and Yao X: MicroRNA-184 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in human colorectal cancer by directly targeting IGF-1R. Oncol Lett. 14:3215–3222. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Wang YB, Zhao XH, Li G, Zheng JH and Qiu W: MicroRNA-184 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human colon cancer SW480 and HCT116 cells by downregulating C-MYC and BCL-2. J Cell Biochem. 119:1702–1715. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Liang XG, Meng WT, Hu LJ, Li L, Xing H, Xie G, Wang AQ and Jia YQ: MicroRNA-184 modulates human central nervous system lymphoma cells growth and invasion by targeting iASPP. J Cell Biochem. 118:2645–2653. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gao B, Gao K, Li L, Huang Z and Lin L: miR-184 functions as an oncogenic regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomed Pharmacother. 68:143–148. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Yin GR, Wang Q, Zhang XB and Wang SJ: Regulatory role of microRNA184 in osteosarcoma cells. Genet Mol Res. 14:14246–14252. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Rapp J, Jaromi L, Kvell K, Miskei G and Pongracz JE: WNT signaling-lung cancer is no exception. Respir Res. 18:1672017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Bryja V, Gradl D, Schambony A, Arenas E and Schulte G: Beta-arrestin is a necessary component of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:6690–6695. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Seki Y, Yamamoto H, Ngan CY, Yasui M, Tomita N, Kitani K, Takemasa I, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Matsuura N, et al: Construction of a novel DNA decoy that inhibits the oncogenic beta-catenin/T-cell factor pathway. Mol Cancer Ther. 5:985–994. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Lustig B and Behrens J: The Wnt signaling pathway and its role in tumor development. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 129:199–221. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Rubin EM, Guo Y, Tu K, Xie J, Zi X and Hoang BH: Wnt inhibitory factor 1 decreases tumorigenesis and metastasis in osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 9:731–741. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

An JH, Yang JY, Ahn BY, Cho SW, Jung JY, Cho HY, Cho YM, Kim SW, Park KS, Kim SY, et al: Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to Wnt induced osteoblastic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. Bone. 47:140–150. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Cai Y, Mohseny AB, Karperien M, Hogendoorn PC, Zhou G and Cleton-Jansen AM: Inactive Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in conventional high-grade osteosarcoma. J Pathol. 220:24–33. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Sun X, He Y, Huang C, Ma TT and Li J: Distinctive microRNA signature associated of neoplasms with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Signal. 25:2805–2811. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Euhus DM, Hudd C, LaRegina MC and Johnson FE: Tumor measurement in the nude mouse. J Surg Oncol. 31:229–234. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lindsey BA, Markel JE and Kleinerman ES: Osteosarcoma overview. Rheumatol Ther. 4:25–43. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Durfee RA, Mohammed M and Luu HH: Review of osteosarcoma and current management. Rheumatol Ther. 3:221–243. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zhang J, Yan YG, Wang C, Zhang SJ, Yu XH and Wang WJ: MicroRNAs in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta. 444:9–17. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Yang J and Zhang W: New molecular insights into osteosarcoma targeted therapy. Curr Opin Oncol. 25:398–406. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Lauvrak SU, Munthe E, Kresse SH, Stratford EW, Namløs HM, Meza-Zepeda LA and Myklebost O: Functional characterisation of osteosarcoma cell lines and identification of mRNAs and miRNAs associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes. Br J Cancer. 109:2228–2236. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Lin BC, Huang D, Yu CQ, Mou Y, Liu YH, Zhang DW and Shi FJ: MicroRNA-184 modulates doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma cells by targeting BCL2L1. Med Sci Monit. 22:1761–1765. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang X, Ding H, Han Y, Sun D, Wang H and Zhai XU: The significance of microRNA-184 on JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the formation mechanism of glioblastoma. Oncol Lett. 10:3510–3514. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ueno K, Hirata H, Hinoda Y and Dahiya R: Frizzled homolog proteins, microRNAs and Wnt signaling in cancer. Int J Cancer. 132:1731–1740. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Schepeler T: Emerging roles of microRNAs in the Wnt signaling network. Crit Rev Oncog. 18:357–371. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Li H, Xiang H, Ge W, Wang H, Wang T and Xiong M: Expression and functional perspectives of miR-184 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:12313–12318. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Feng R and Dong L: Inhibitory effect of miR-184 on the potential of proliferation and invasion in human glioma and breast cancer cells in vitro. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:9376–9382. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Du Z, Li F, Wang L, Huang H and Xu S: Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 18: 1917-1924, 2018.
APA
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., & Xu, S. (2018). Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18, 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9184
MLA
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., Xu, S."Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 18.2 (2018): 1917-1924.
Chicago
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., Xu, S."Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 18, no. 2 (2018): 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9184
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Du Z, Li F, Wang L, Huang H and Xu S: Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 18: 1917-1924, 2018.
APA
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., & Xu, S. (2018). Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18, 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9184
MLA
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., Xu, S."Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 18.2 (2018): 1917-1924.
Chicago
Du, Z., Li, F., Wang, L., Huang, H., Xu, S."Regulatory effects of microRNA‑184 on osteosarcoma via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 18, no. 2 (2018): 1917-1924. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9184
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team