Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
December-2018 Volume 18 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2018 Volume 18 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways

  • Authors:
    • Bo Shen
    • Wenjing Mao
    • Jin‑Chul Ahn
    • Phil‑Sang Chung
    • Peijie He
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China, Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China, Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam 330‑715, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 4978-4986
    |
    Published online on: September 24, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9507
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Laryngeal carcinomas have been recognized as a serious health threat worldwide. In the present study, the mechanism of apoptosis in HN‑3 cells induced by carboplatin (CBCDA), a widely used anti‑cancer drug, was investigated. The pro‑apoptotic effect of CBCDA in HN‑3 cells was demonstrated to be time‑ and dose‑dependent. Therefore, the stages of apoptosis were investigated in chronological order. The results demonstrated that excessive generation of cytosolic Ca2+ in HN‑3 cells was initially triggered when cells were exposed to CBCDA, followed by the appearance of mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress, leading to the release of apoptosis‑inducing factor. At later stages, expression of caspase‑8 was increased due to the apoptotic signals originating from CBCDA‑induced DNA damage, as well as caspase‑9 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) expression upregulation. Glutathione decreased the available CBDCA concentration, decreased apoptosis and alleviating oxidative stress, thus reducing the actual effective concentration. Mechanistic research may benefit the rational design of more efficient therapeutic strategies as well as development of novel platinum‑based agents.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Zhang W, Yan Y, Gu M, Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang S and Wang W: High expression levels of Wnt5a and Ror2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis. Oncol Lett. 14:2232–2238. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Riga M, Chelis L, Danielides V, Vogiatzaki T, Pantazis TL and Pantazis D: Systematic review on T3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma; still far from a consensus on the optimal organ preserving treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol. 43:20–31. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Shen Z, Cao B, Lin L, Zhou C, Ye D, Qiu S, Li Q and Cui X: The clinical signification of claudin-11 promoter hypermethylation for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. 23:3635–3640. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 64:9–29. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mao Y, Zhang DW, Lin H, Xiong L, Liu Y, Li QD, Ma J, Cao Q, Chen RJ, Zhu J and Feng ZQ: Alpha B-crystallin is a new prognostic marker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 31:1012012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Evan GI and Vousden KH: Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature. 411:342–348. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Radogna F, Dicato M and Diederich M: Cancer-type-specific crosstalk between autophagy, necroptosis and apoptosis as a pharmacological target. Biochem Pharmacol. 94:1–11. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Sousa GFD, Wlodarczyk SR and Monteiro G: Carboplatin: Molecular mechanisms of action associated with chemoresistance. Braz J Pharm Sci. 50:693–701. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Castrellon AB, Pidhorecky I, Valero V and Raez LE: The role of carboplatin in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Oncol Rev. 11:3242017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Johnstone TC, Park GY and Lippard SJ: Understanding and improving platinum anticancer drugs-phenanthriplatin. Anticancer Res. 34:471–476. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Fong CW: Platinum based radiochemotherapies: Free radical mechanisms and radiotherapy sensitizers. Free Radic Biol Med. 99:99–109. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lee CK, Jung M, Choi HJ, Kim HR, Kim HS, Roh MR2, Ahn JB, Chung HC, Heo SJ, Rha SY and Shin SJ: Results of a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of docetaxel and carboplatin in metastatic malignant melanoma patients who failed first-line therapy containing dacarbazine. Cancer Res Treat. 47:781–789. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sanborn RE: Cisplatin versus carboplatin in NSCLC: Is there one ‘best’ answer? Curr Treat Option On. 9:326–342. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Comella P, Gambardella A, Frasci G, Avallone A and Costanzo R: SICOG investigators: Comparison of the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel plus gemcitabine combination in young and elderly patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. A retrospective analysis of the Southern Italy Cooperative Oncology Group trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 65:164–171. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Barghout SH, Zepeda N, Vincent K, Azad AK, Xu Z, Yang C, Steed H, Postovit LM and Fu YX: RUNX3 contributes to carboplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol. 138:647–655. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lum E, Vigliotti M, Banerjee N, Cutter N, Wrzeszczynski KO, Khan S, Kamalakaran S, Levine DA, Dimitrova N and Lucito R: Loss of DOK2 induces carboplatin resistance in ovarian cancer via suppression of apoptosis. Gynecol Oncol. 130:369–376. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

de Castria TB, da Silva EM, Gois AF and Riera R: Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third-generation drugs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 8:CD0092562013.

18 

Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Huang L, Bai Y, Liang J and Li X: Inhibitory effect of carboplatin in combination with bevacizumab on human retinoblastoma in an in vitro and in vivo model. Oncol Lett. 14:5326–5332. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Montero AJ and Jassem J: Cellular redox pathways as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer. Drugs. 71:1385–1396. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Fulda S and Debatin KM: Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene. 25:4798–4811. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Green DR: Apoptotic pathways: Paper wraps stone blunts scissors. Cell. 102:1–4. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kelland L: The resurgence of platinum-based cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 7:573–584. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Nicolson MC, Orr RM, O'Neill CF and Harrap KR: The role of platinum uptake and glutathione levels in L1210 cells sensitive and resistant to cisplatin, tetraplatin or carboplatin. Neoplasma. 39:189–195. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

24 

He P, Ahn JC, Shin JI, Hwang HJ, Kang JW, Lee SJ and Chung PS: Enhanced apoptotic effect of combined modality of 9-hydroxypheophorbide alpha-mediated photodynamic therapy and carboplatin on AMC-HN-3 human head and neck cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 21:329–334. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

25 

He P, Bo S, Chung PS, Ahn JC and Zhou L: Photosensitizer effect of 9-hydroxypheophorbide α on diode laser-irradiated laryngeal cancer cells: Oxidative stress-directed cell death and migration suppression. Oncol Lett. 12:1889–1895. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Evtodienko YuV, Teplova V, Khawaja J and Saris NE: The Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition pore is involved in Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial oscillations: A study on permeabilised Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Cell Calcium. 15:143–152. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hunter DR and Haworth RA: The Ca2+-induced membrane transition in mitochondria. I. The protective mechanisms. Arch Biochem Biophys. 195:453–459. 1979. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Giorgi C, Romagnoli A, Pinton P and Rizzuto R: Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria and cell death. Curr Mol Med. 8:119–130. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hong SJ, Dawson TM and Dawson VL: Nuclear and mitochondrial conversations in cell death: PARP-1 and AIF signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 25:259–264. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gonzalez D, Bejarano I, Barriga C, Rodriguez AB and Pariente JA: Oxidative stress-induced caspases are regulated in human myeloid HL-60 cells by calcium signal. Curr Signal Transduct Ther. 5:181–186. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Wajant H: The Fas signaling pathway: More than a paradigm. Science. 296:1635–1636. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Su SH, Su SJ, Lin SR and Chang KL: Cardiotoxin-III selectively enhances activation-induced apoptosis of human CD8+ T lymphocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 193:97–105. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hah SS, Stivers KM, de Vere White RW and Henderson PT: Kinetics of carboplatin-DNA binding in genomic DNA and bladder cancer cells as determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 19:622–626. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cheng CF, Juan SH, Chen JJ, Chao YC, Chen HH, Lian WS, Lu CY, Chang CI, Chiu TH and Lin H: Pravastatin attenuates carboplatin-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress associated apoptosis. Apoptosis. 13:883–894. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hwang H, Biswas R, Chung PS and Ahn JC: Modulation of EGFR and ROS induced cytochrome c release by combination of photodynamic therapy and carboplatin in human cultured head and neck cancer cells and tumor xenograft in nude mice. J Photochem Photobiol B. 128:70–77. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Gunter TE and Pfeiffer DR: Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium. Am J Physiol. 258:C755–C786. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, Sasaki T, Elia AJ, Cheng HY, Ravagnan L, et al: Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature. 410:549–554. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Decaudin D, Macho A, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Petit PX, Mignotte B and Kroemer G: Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death. J Exp Med. 182:367–377. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Boya P, Morales MC, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Andreau K, Gourdier I, Perfettini JL, Larochette N, Deniaud A, Baran-Marszak F, Fagard R, et al: The chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide induces apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway regulated by proteins from the Bcl-2 family. Oncogene. 22:6220–6230. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Richter C and Kass GE: Oxidative stress in mitochondria: Its relationship to cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. Chem Biol Interact. 77:1–23. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Los G, Smals OA, van Vugt MJ, van der Vlist M, den Engelse L, McVie JG and Pinedo HM: A rationale for carboplatin treatment and abdominal hyperthermia in cancers restricted to the peritoneal cavity. Cancer Res. 52:1252–1258. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shen B, Mao W, Ahn JC, Chung PS and He P: Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways. Mol Med Rep 18: 4978-4986, 2018.
APA
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., & He, P. (2018). Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18, 4978-4986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9507
MLA
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., He, P."Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways". Molecular Medicine Reports 18.6 (2018): 4978-4986.
Chicago
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., He, P."Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways". Molecular Medicine Reports 18, no. 6 (2018): 4978-4986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9507
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shen B, Mao W, Ahn JC, Chung PS and He P: Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways. Mol Med Rep 18: 4978-4986, 2018.
APA
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., & He, P. (2018). Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18, 4978-4986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9507
MLA
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., He, P."Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways". Molecular Medicine Reports 18.6 (2018): 4978-4986.
Chicago
Shen, B., Mao, W., Ahn, J., Chung, P., He, P."Mechanism of HN‑3 cell apoptosis induced by carboplatin: Combination of mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ and the nucleus pathways". Molecular Medicine Reports 18, no. 6 (2018): 4978-4986. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9507
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team