Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 19 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 19 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro

  • Authors:
    • Qi Wang
    • Hongmei Yu
    • Hong Yu
    • Meina Ma
    • Yali Ma
    • Rui Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 805-812
    |
    Published online on: December 11, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9742
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Dexmedetomidine (DEX), an α2 adrenoceptor agonist, is a commonly used anesthetic drug in surgical procedures. Previous studies have indicated that DEX exerts neuroprotective effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated a potential implication of microRNA (miR)‑223‑3p in the DEX‑induced anti‑oxidative effect on neuronal cells. The results indicated that following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑mediated induction of oxidative stress, the viability of human hippocampal neuronal cells was markedly decreased, as determined by an MTT assay. In addition, treatment with H2O2 induced cell apoptosis, the release of lactate dehydrogenase, accumulation of intracellular calcium, phosphorylation of calmodulin‑2, and production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, treatment with H2O2 inhibited the expression of mir‑223‑3p and enhanced the expression of its target cytotoxic granule associated RNA binding protein like 1 (TIAL1), and these effects were reversed by treatment with DEX. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the 3'‑untranslated region of TIAL1 is a direct target of mir‑223‑3p. The results of the present study demonstrated that DEX may induce its neuroprotective effects by regulating the interaction between miR‑223‑3p and TIAL1. Therefore, the manipulation of miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction may be involved in the neuroprotective effects of DEX.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Wang L, Liu H, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhang M and Yu Y: Neuroprotection of dexmedetomidine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Involved in inhibition of NF-κB and inflammation response. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 25:383–389. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Fu C, Dai X, Yang Y, Lin M, Cai Y and Cai S: Dexmedetomidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats. Mol Med Rep. 15:131–138. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Küçükebe ÖB, Özzeybek D, Abdullayev R, Ustaoğlu A, Tekmen I and Küme T: Effect of dexmedetomidine on acute lung injury in experimental ischemia-reperfusion model. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 67:139–146. 2017.(In Portuguese). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Shen J and Fu G, Jiang L, Xu J, Li L and Fu G: Effect of dexmedetomidine pretreatment on lung injury following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Exp Ther Med. 6:1359–1364. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Xie C, Li Y, Liang J, Xiao J, Zhao Z and Li T: The effect of dexmedetomidine on autophagy and apoptosis in intestinal ischemia reperfusion-induced lung injury. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 38:761–764. 2015.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ammar AS, Mahmoud KM, Kasemy ZA and Helwa MA: Cardiac and renal protective effects of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgeries: A randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 10:395–401. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Cakir M, Polat A, Tekin S, Vardi N, Taslidere E, Rumeysa Duran Z and Tanbek K: The effect of dexmedetomidine against oxidative and tubular damage induced by renal ischemia reperfusion in rats. Ren Fail. 37:704–708. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

de Carvalho AL, Vital RB, Kakuda CM, Braz JR, Castiglia YM, Braz LG, Módolo MP, Ribeiro OR, Domingues MA and Módolo NS: Dexmedetomidine on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Assessment by means of NGAL and histology. Ren Fail. 37:526–530. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Liu YE, Tong CC, Zhang YB, Jin HX, Gao Y and Hou MX: Effect of dexmedetomidine on rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and the expression of tight junction protein in kidney. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:18751–18757. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Si YN, Bao HG, Xu L, Wang XL, Shen Y, Wang JS and Yang XB: Dexmedetomidine protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 18:1843–1851. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang XK, Zhou XP, Zhang Q and Zhu F: The preventive effects of dexmedetomidine against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Wistar rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 18:604–609. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang XY, Liu ZM, Wen SH, Li YS, Li Y, Yao X, Huang WQ and Liu KX: Dexmedetomidine administration before, but not after, ischemia attenuates intestinal injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Anesthesiology. 116:1035–1046. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Akpınar H, Nazıroğlu M, Övey İS, Çiğ B and Akpınar O: The neuroprotective action of dexmedetomidine on apoptosis, calcium entry and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia-induced rats: Contribution of TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels. Sci Rep. 6:371962016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Tanabe K, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kozawa O and Iida H: Dexmedetomidine suppresses interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in rat glial cells. Int J Mol Med. 34:1032–1038. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhu YM, Wang CC, Chen L, Qian LB, Ma LL, Yu J, Zhu MH, Wen CY, Yu LN and Yan M: Both PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Res. 1494:1–8. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chaudhuri AD, Choi DC, Kabaria S, Tran A and Junn E: MicroRNA-7 regulates the function of mitochondrial permeability transition pore by targeting VDAC1 expression. J Biol Chem. 291:6483–6493. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Ma Q, Dasgupta C, Li Y, Bajwa NM, Xiong F, Harding B, Hartman R and Zhang L: Inhibition of microRNA-210 provides neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Neurobiol Dis. 89:202–212. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Quinlan S and Jimenez-Mateos EM: Can we protect the brain via preconditioning? Role of microRNAs in neuroprotection. Neural Regen Res. 11:388–389. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ren L, Zhu R and Li X: Silencing miR-181a produces neuroprotection against hippocampus neuron cell apoptosis post-status epilepticus in a rat model and in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Genet Mol Res. 15:2016. View Article : Google Scholar :

20 

Sinoy S, Fayaz SM, Charles KD, Suvanish VK, Kapfhammer JP and Rajanikant GK: Amikacin inhibits miR-497 maturation and exerts post-ischemic neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol. 54:3683–3694. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhou X, Su S, Li S, Pang X, Chen C, Li J and Liu J: MicroRNA-146a down-regulation correlates with neuroprotection and targets pro-apoptotic genes in cerebral ischemic injury in vitro. Brain Res. 1648:136–143. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Li M, He Y, Zhou Z, Ramirez T, Gao Y, Gao Y, Ross RA, Cao H, Cai Y, Xu M, et al: MicroRNA-223 ameliorates alcoholic liver injury by inhibiting the IL-6-p47phox-oxidative stress pathway in neutrophils. Gut. 2016.

23 

Shin JH, Park YM, Kim DH, Moon GJ, Bang OY, Ohn T and Kim HH: Ischemic brain extract increases SDF-1 expression in astrocytes through the CXCR2/miR-223/miR-27b pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1839:826–836. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wu GJ, Chen JT, Tsai HC, Chen TL, Liu SH and Chen RM: Protection of dexmedetomidine against ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic insults to neuronal cells occurs via an intrinsic mitochondria-dependent pathway. J Cell Biochem. 118:2635–2644. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Wei Y, Hu J, Liang Y, Zhong Y, He D, Qin Y, Li L, Chen J, Xiao Q and Xie Y: Dexmedetomidine pretreatment attenuates propofol-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cultures from the rat hippocampus. Mol Med Rep. 14:3413–3420. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Schoeler M, Loetscher PD, Rossaint R, Fahlenkamp AV, Eberhardt G, Rex S, Weis J and Coburn M: Dexmedetomidine is neuroprotective in an in vitro model for traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol. 12:202012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Degos V, Charpentier TL, Chhor V, Brissaud O, Lebon S, Schwendimann L, Bednareck N, Passemard S, Mantz J and Gressens P: Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against glutamate agonist-induced neuronal cell death are related to increased astrocyte brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Anesthesiology. 118:1123–1132. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Eacker SM, Dawson TM and Dawson VL: Understanding microRNAs in neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 10:837–841. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Singh SK: miRNAs: From neurogeneration to neurodegeneration. Pharmacogenomics. 8:971–978. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Bushati N and Cohen SM: MicroRNAs in neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 18:292–296. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Karnati HK, Panigrahi MK, Gutti RK, Greig NH and Tamargo IA: miRNAs: Key players in neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. J Alzheimers Dis. 48:563–580. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kamal MA, Mushtaq G and Greig NH: Current update on synopsis of miRNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 14:492–501. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Goodall EF, Heath PR, Bandmann O, Kirby J and Shaw PJ: Neuronal dark matter: The emerging role of microRNAs in neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci. 7:1782013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Harraz MM, Xu JC, Guiberson N, Dawson TM and Dawson VL: MiR-223 regulates the differentiation of immature neurons. Mol Cell Ther. 2:182014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Harraz MM, Eacker SM, Wang X, Dawson TM and Dawson VL: MicroRNA-223 is neuroprotective by targeting glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:18962–18967. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Q, Yu H, Yu H, Ma M, Ma Y and Li R: miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 19: 805-812, 2019.
APA
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., & Li, R. (2019). miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19, 805-812. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9742
MLA
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., Li, R."miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro". Molecular Medicine Reports 19.2 (2019): 805-812.
Chicago
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., Li, R."miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro". Molecular Medicine Reports 19, no. 2 (2019): 805-812. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9742
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Q, Yu H, Yu H, Ma M, Ma Y and Li R: miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 19: 805-812, 2019.
APA
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., & Li, R. (2019). miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19, 805-812. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9742
MLA
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., Li, R."miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro". Molecular Medicine Reports 19.2 (2019): 805-812.
Chicago
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Yu, H., Ma, M., Ma, Y., Li, R."miR‑223‑3p/TIAL1 interaction is involved in the mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuronal cells in vitro". Molecular Medicine Reports 19, no. 2 (2019): 805-812. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9742
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team