Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
November-2020 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2020 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells

  • Authors:
    • Xinyi Sun
    • Yuman Sun
    • Sitong Lin
    • Yan Xu
    • Dongming Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Endocrine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China, Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
  • Pages: 4041-4047
    |
    Published online on: September 7, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11496
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, alleviates diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the biological mechanisms underlying this protective effect remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor VPA on hyperglycemic induction of NRK‑52E cell ERS and apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‑related apoptosis is involved in DN, and improving ERS may delay the symptoms of DN. Histone deacetylase regulates gene transcription or expression of ERS‑related proteins. The present study established an ERS model by treating the rat renal tubular epithelial cells NRK‑52E with high glucose (HG) and investigated the effects of VPA on the apoptosis of the NRK‑52E cells. HG stimulation significantly increased the protein levels of the ERS‑related proteins including glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase‑12 and phosphorylated (p)‑JNK. VPA treatment further upregulated GRP78 expression and attenuated the levels of ATF4, CHOP, caspase‑12 and p‑JNK. Notably, HG markedly promoted apoptosis of NRK‑52E cells by regulating the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and Bcl‑2, which was attenuated by simultaneous VPA treatment. Mechanistically, VPA increased the total acetylation levels of histone H4 in NRK‑52E cells and increased the histone H4 acetylation of the GRP78 promoter region. In conclusion, VPA attenuated HG‑induced ERS and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells, which may be due to the regulation of acetylation levels of ERS‑related proteins. In addition, the present study suggested that HDACIs are promising drugs for treating patients with DN.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Forouhi NG and Wareham NJ: Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine (Abingdon). 42:698–702. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Shaw JE, Sicree RA and Zimmet PZ: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 87:4–14. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Xu Y, Wang L, He J, Bi Y, Li M, Wang T, Wang L, Jiang Y, Dai M, Lu J, et al: Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA. 310:948–959. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

WHO: Global Report on Diabetes. World Health Organization. 2016.

5 

Tesch GH: Diabetic nephropathy-is this an immune disorder? Clin Sci (Lond). 131:2183–2199. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Cao Z and Cooper ME: Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Investig. 2:243–247. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zhao B, Li H, Liu J, Han P, Zhang C, Bai H, Yuan X, Wang X, Li L, Ma H, et al: MicroRNA-23b targets Ras GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 2 to alleviate fibrosis and albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 27:2597–2608. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Anil Kumar P, Welsh GI, Saleem MA and Menon RK: Molecular and cellular events mediating glomerular podocyte dysfunction and depletion in diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 5:1512014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Habib SL: Diabetes and renal tubular cell apoptosis. World J Diabetes. 4:27–30. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Guo C, Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yao J, Sun J, Dong J and Liao L: Protective effect of salidroside against diabetic kidney disease through inhibiting BIM-mediated apoptosis of proximal renal tubular cells in rats. Front Pharmacol. 9:14332018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhao X, Liu G, Shen H, Gao B, Li X, Fu J, Zhou J and Ji Q: Liraglutide inhibits autophagy and apoptosis induced by high glucose through GLP-1R in renal tubular epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 35:684–692. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Fan Y, Lee K, Wang N and He JC: The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 17:172017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cunard R and Sharma K: The endoplasmic reticulum stress response and diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 300:F1054–F1061. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Cameron NE: Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes. 62:696–697. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yang Y, Yang D, Yang D, Jia R and Ding G: Role of reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in contrast-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis. Nephron Exp Nephrol. 128:30–36. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Qi W, Mu J, Luo ZF, Zeng W, Guo YH, Pang Q, Ye ZL, Liu L, Yuan FH and Feng B: Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy in diabetes rats induced by streptozotocin by regulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress inflammatory response. Metabolism. 60:594–603. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Verdone L, Agricola E, Caserta M and Di Mauro E: Histone acetylation in gene regulation. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic. 5:209–221. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chen Y, Tsai YH and Tseng SH: HDAC inhibitors and RECK modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells. Int J Mol Sci. 18:2582017. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Donati G, Imbriano C and Mantovani R: Dynamic recruitment of transcription factors and epigenetic changes on the ER stress response gene promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:3116–3127. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Van Beneden K, Geers C, Pauwels M, Mannaerts I, Wissing KM, Van den Branden C and van Grunsven LA: Comparison of trichostatin A and valproic acid treatment regimens in a mouse model of kidney fibrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 271:276–284. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Khan S, Jena G and Tikoo K: Sodium valproate ameliorates diabetes-induced fibrosis and renal damage by the inhibition of histone deacetylases in diabetic rat. Exp Mol Pathol. 98:230–239. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kochar DK, Rawat N, Agrawal RP, Vyas A, Beniwal R, Kochar SK and Garg P: Sodium valproate for painful diabetic neuropathy: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. QJM. 97:33–38. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Khan S, Bhat ZR and Jena G: Role of autophagy and histone deacetylases in diabetic nephropathy: Current status and future perspectives. Genes Dis. 3:211–219. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Van Beneden K, Geers C, Pauwels M, Mannaerts I, Verbeelen D, van Grunsven LA and Van den Branden C: Valproic acid attenuates proteinuria and kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 22:1863–1875. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Noh H, Oh EY, Seo JY, Yu MR, Kim YO, Ha H and Lee HB: Histone deacetylase-2 is a key regulator of diabetes- and transforming growth factor-beta1-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 297:F729–F739. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sun XY, Qin HJ, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Yang XC, Zhao DM, Li XN and Sun L: Valproate attenuates diabetic nephropathy through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stressinduced apoptosis. Mol Med Rep. 13:661–668. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wade PA: Transcriptional control at regulatory checkpoints by histone deacetylases: Molecular connections between cancer and chromatin. Hum Mol Genet. 10:693–698. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liu R: The real culprit behind diabetic nephropathy: Impaired renal autoregulation? Physiol Rep. 5:e131382017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Gardner BM and Walter P: Unfolded proteins are Ire1-activating ligands that directly induce the unfolded protein response. Science. 333:1891–1894. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ma Y and Hendershot LM: The unfolding tale of the unfolded protein response. Cell. 107:827–830. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Dai H, Liu Q and Liu B: Research progress on mechanism of podocyte depletion in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res. 2017:26152862017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Cao Y, Hao Y, Li H, Liu Q, Gao F, Liu W and Duan H: Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in apoptosis of differentiated mouse podocytes induced by high glucose. Int J Mol Med. 33:809–816. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhu Y, Cui H, Xia Y and Gan H: RIPK3-mediated necroptosis and apoptosis contributes to renal tubular cell progressive loss and chronic kidney disease progression in rats. PLoS One. 11:e01567292016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Luo S, Mao C, Lee B and Lee AS: GRP78/BiP is required for cell proliferation and protecting the inner cell mass from apoptosis during early mouse embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol. 26:5688–5697. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Schram AW, Baas R, Jansen PW, Riss A, Tora L, Vermeulen M and Timmers HT: A dual role for SAGA-associated factor 29 (SGF29) in ER stress survival by coordination of both histone H3 acetylation and histone H3 lysine-4 trimethylation. PLoS One. 8:e700352013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ngwa CJ, Kiesow MJ, Papst O, Orchard LM, Filarsky M, Rosinski AN, Voss TS, Llinás M and Pradel G: Transcriptional profiling defines histone acetylation as a regulator of gene expression during human-to-mosquito transmission of the Malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 7:3202017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Zhang J and Zhong Q: Histone deacetylase inhibitors and cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci. 71:3885–3901. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhao H, Alam A, Soo AP, George AJT and Ma D: Ischemia-reperfusion injury reduces long term renal graft survival: Mechanism and beyond. EBioMedicine. 28:31–42. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Seet LF, Toh LZ, Finger SN, Chu SW, Stefanovic B and Wong TT: Valproic acid suppresses collagen by selective regulation of Smads in conjunctival fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl). 94:321–334. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Feng J, Li S and Chen H: Tanshinone IIA ameliorates apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 241:2042–2048. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Chen Y, Tang Y, Xiang Y, Xie YQ, Huang XH and Zhang YC: Shengmai injection improved doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by alleviating myocardial endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-12 dependent apoptosis. Biomed Res Int. 2015:9526712015.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Zhang Z, Tong N, Gong Y, Qiu Q, Yin L, Lv X and Wu X: Valproate protects the retina from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurosci Lett. 504:88–92. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Spotswood HT and Turner BM: An increasingly complex code. J Clin Invest. 110:577–582. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Baumeister P, Dong D, Fu Y and Lee AS: Transcriptional induction of GRP78/BiP by histone deacetylase inhibitors and resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:1086–1094. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Baumeister P, Luo S, Skarnes WC, Sui G, Seto E, Shi Y and Lee AS: Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of the Grp78/BiP promoter: Activating mechanisms mediated by YY1 and its interactive chromatin modifiers. Mol Cell Biol. 25:4529–4540. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Bown CD, Wang JF, Chen B and Young LT: Regulation of ER stress proteins by valproate: Therapeutic implications. Bipolar Disord. 4:145–151. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Bush EW and McKinsey TA: Protein acetylation in the cardiorenal axis: The promise of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Circ Res. 106:272–284. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Bannister AJ and Kouzarides T: Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications. Cell Res. 21:381–395. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV and Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 325:834–840. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sun X, Sun Y, Lin S, Xu Y and Zhao D: Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells. Mol Med Rep 22: 4041-4047, 2020.
APA
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., & Zhao, D. (2020). Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 22, 4041-4047. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11496
MLA
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., Zhao, D."Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 22.5 (2020): 4041-4047.
Chicago
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., Zhao, D."Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 22, no. 5 (2020): 4041-4047. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11496
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sun X, Sun Y, Lin S, Xu Y and Zhao D: Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells. Mol Med Rep 22: 4041-4047, 2020.
APA
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., & Zhao, D. (2020). Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 22, 4041-4047. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11496
MLA
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., Zhao, D."Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 22.5 (2020): 4041-4047.
Chicago
Sun, X., Sun, Y., Lin, S., Xu, Y., Zhao, D."Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 22, no. 5 (2020): 4041-4047. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11496
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team