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Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Dimitrios Vlachakis
    • Τhanasis Mitsis
    • Nicolas Nicolaides
    • Aspasia Efthimiadou
    • Antonis Giannakakis
    • Flora Bacopoulou
    • George P. Chrousos
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece, Hellenic Agricultural Organization‑Demeter, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Department of Soil Science of Athens, 14123 Lycovrisi, Greece
  • Article Number: 26
    |
    Published online on: November 4, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11664
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Abstract

Studies on extracellular vesicles have increased in recent years. The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. Exosomes are one of the most researched classes of extracellular vesicles because they are carriers of targeted protein and DNA/RNA loads. Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. However, the mechanisms governing these interactions have not yet been fully determined. Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. Therefore exosomes should be included in this research topic. Exosomes have previously been associated with a number of endocrine disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, disorders of the reproductive system and cancer. Furthermore, their biogenesis, composition and function have been associated with viruses, an entirely different domain of life. The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. The current review provides information on exosomes and discusses their endocrine implications.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Vlachakis D, Mitsis Τ, Nicolaides N, Efthimiadou A, Giannakakis A, Bacopoulou F and Chrousos GP: Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review). Mol Med Rep 23: 26, 2021.
APA
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., & Chrousos, G.P. (2021). Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11664
MLA
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P."Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.1 (2021): 26.
Chicago
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P."Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 1 (2021): 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11664
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Vlachakis D, Mitsis Τ, Nicolaides N, Efthimiadou A, Giannakakis A, Bacopoulou F and Chrousos GP: Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review). Mol Med Rep 23: 26, 2021.
APA
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., & Chrousos, G.P. (2021). Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11664
MLA
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P."Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.1 (2021): 26.
Chicago
Vlachakis, D., Mitsis, Τ., Nicolaides, N., Efthimiadou, A., Giannakakis, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P."Functions, pathophysiology and current insights of exosomal endocrinology (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 1 (2021): 26. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11664
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