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Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO

  • Authors:
    • Ting Luo
    • Dandan Lin
    • Yanan Hao
    • Rong Shi
    • Changwei Wei
    • Wenzhen Shen
    • Anshi Wu
    • Peili Huang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 537
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    Published online on: May 26, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12176
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Abstract

Perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction (PND) is a prevalent neurological complication after anesthesia and surgery. Ginkgolide B (GB) has been suggested to improve lipopolysaccharide‑induced learning and memory impairment. The present study aimed to investigate whether GB serves a protective role against PND by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO). Abdominal surgery was performed on 10‑ to 12‑week‑old male C57BL/6 mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Prior to surgery, 1400W (a specific iNOS inhibitor) and GB were administered via intraperitoneal injection. Open field and fear conditioning tests were conducted to assess cognitive function on postoperative days 1 and 3. Biochemical assays were performed to evaluate alterations in NO, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Western blotting was performed to measure iNOS expression in the hippocampus on postoperative day 1. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect the neuronal morphology in the hippocampus. Following treatment with 1400W or GB, surgery‑induced cognitive dysfunction was improved. Compared with the control group, the surgery group exhibited significant overproduction of iNOS and MDA in the hippocampus on postoperative day 1. Higher levels of NO were also detected in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the surgery group on postoperative day 1. Furthermore, pretreatment with 1400W or GB significantly inhibited the surgery‑induced elevation of NO and MDA in brain tissues. Moreover, GB pretreatment significantly inhibited surgery‑induced downregulation of SOD and upregulation of iNOS. Surgery‑induced increases in neuronal loss and the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio in the hippocampus were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with GB. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of GB on PND were associated with inhibition of iNOS‑induced NO production, increased SOD, and the alleviation of neuronal loss and apoptosis.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Luo T, Lin D, Hao Y, Shi R, Wei C, Shen W, Wu A and Huang P: Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO. Mol Med Rep 24: 537, 2021.
APA
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W. ... Huang, P. (2021). Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 537. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12176
MLA
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W., Wu, A., Huang, P."Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.1 (2021): 537.
Chicago
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W., Wu, A., Huang, P."Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 1 (2021): 537. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12176
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Luo T, Lin D, Hao Y, Shi R, Wei C, Shen W, Wu A and Huang P: Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO. Mol Med Rep 24: 537, 2021.
APA
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W. ... Huang, P. (2021). Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 537. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12176
MLA
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W., Wu, A., Huang, P."Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.1 (2021): 537.
Chicago
Luo, T., Lin, D., Hao, Y., Shi, R., Wei, C., Shen, W., Wu, A., Huang, P."Ginkgolide B‑mediated therapeutic effects on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction are associated with the inhibition of iNOS‑mediated production of NO". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 1 (2021): 537. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12176
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