Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2021 Volume 24 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2021 Volume 24 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells

  • Authors:
    • Guoqiang Zhu
    • Leyu Lyu
    • Hua Yang
    • Guibo Liu
    • Shuo Yang
    • Chuankai  Gu
    • Limei Wang
    • Haijing Yan
    • Ming Hu
    • Chengye Che
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China, Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 584
    |
    Published online on: June 15, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12223
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia in December 2019. The present study aimed to investigate the host inflammatory response signature‑caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). The expression level of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the human cornea was determined via immunofluorescence. In vitro experiments were performed in HCECs stimulated with the SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein. Moreover, the expression levels of ACE2, IL‑8, TNF‑α, IL‑6, gasdermin D (GSDMD) and IL‑1β in HCECs were detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. It was identified that ACE2 was expressed in normal human corneal epithelium and HCECs cultured in vitro. Furthermore, the expression levels of IL‑8, TNF‑α and IL‑6 in HCECs were decreased following SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein stimulation, while the expression levels of GSDMD and IL‑1β were increased. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that the SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein suppressed the host inflammatory response and induced pyroptosis in HCECs. Therefore, blocking the ACE2 receptor in HCECs may reduce the infection rate of COVID‑19.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Kannan S, Shaik Syed Ali P, Sheeza A and Hemalatha K: COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - recent trends. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24:2006–2011. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Scarlata S and Agrò FE3: COVID-19 diagnosis and management: A comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 288:192–206. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL and Tang CK: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 55:1059512020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Palacios Cruz M, Santos E, Velázquez Cervantes MA and León Juárez M: COVID 19, a worldwide public health emergency. Rev Clin Esp. 221:55–61. 2020.(In English and Spanish). View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Ortiz-Prado E, Espín E, Vásconez J, Rodríguez-Burneo N, Kyriakidis NC and López-Cortés A: Vaccine market and production capabilities in the Americas. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 7:11. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kumar A, Dowling WE, Román RG, Chaudhari A, Gurry C, Le TT, Tollefson S, Clark CE, Bernasconi V and Kristiansen PA: Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 23:9. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P and Shi ZL: Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 19:141–154. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, Zhong W and Hao P: Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 63:457–460. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Astuti I and Ysrafil: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14:407–412. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, et al: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 426:450–454. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Turner AJ, Hiscox JA and Hooper NM: ACE2: From vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 25:291–294. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Song W, Gui M, Wang X and Xiang Y: Cryo EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor PLoS Pathog. 14:e10072362018.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A and Angeli F: The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Intern Med. 76:14–20. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M and Campagnole-Santos MJ: The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS Axis of the Renin Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1–7). Physiol Rev. 98:505–553. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, et al: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579:270–273. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y and Guo D: Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS CoV 2 infection. J Med Virol. 92:589–594. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Panoutsopoulos AA: Conjunctivitis as a Sentinel of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Need of Revision for Mild Symptoms. SN Compr Clin Med. 19:1–6. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Aiello F, Gallo Afflitto G, Mancino R, Li JO, Cesareo M, Giannini C and Nucci C: Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS CoV 2) and colonization of ocular tissues and secretions: A systematic review. Eye (Lond). 34:1206–1211. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Loffredo L, Pacella F, Pacella E, Tiscione G, Oliva A and Violi F: Conjunctivitis and COVID 19: A meta analysis. J Med Virol. 92:1413–1414. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Güemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, García-Feijoó J, Sáenz-Francés F, Arriola-Villalobos P, Martinez-de-la-Casa JM, Benítez-Del-Castillo JM and Herrera de la Muela M: Conjunctivitis in COVID 19 patients: Frequency and clinical presentation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 58:2501–2507. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Ramos T, Scott D and Ahmad S: An update on ocular surface epithelial stem cells: Cornea and conjunctiva. Stem Cells Int. 2015:6017312015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pearson AA: The development of the eyelids. Part I. External features. J Anat. 130:33–42. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Zhang H, Hara M, Seki K, Fukuda K and Nishida T: Eyelid fusion and epithelial differentiation at the ocular surface during mouse embryonic development. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 49:195–204. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ho D, Low R, Tong L, Gupta V, Veeraraghavan A and Agrawal R: COVID 19 and the Ocular Surface: A Review of transmission and manifestations. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 28:726–734. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, Chu DK, Akl EA, El-harakeh A, Bognanni A, et al COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors, : Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 395:1973–1987. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Leth-Larsen R, Zhong F, Chow VTK, Holmskov U and Lu J: The SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein is selectively recognized by lung surfactant protein D and activates macrophages. Immunobiology. 212:201–211. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhao G, Hu M, Li C, Lee J, Yuan K, Zhu G and Che C: Osteopontin contributes to effective neutrophil recruitment, IL 1β production and apoptosis in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Immunol Cell Biol. 96:401–412. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Darnell MER, Subbarao K, Feinstone SM and Taylor DR: Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV. J Virol Methods. 121:85–91. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Menachery VD, Yount BL Jr, Debbink K, Agnihothram S, Gralinski LE, Plante JA, Graham RL, Scobey T, Ge XY, Donaldson EF, et al: A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med. 21:1508–1513. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Liu L, Sun Y, Pan X, Shen W, Liu ZY and Liu YP: Expression of SARS CoVs protein functional receptor ACE2 in human cornea and conjunctiva. Ophthalmic Res. 22:561–564. 2004.

32 

Barnett BP, Wahlin K, Krawczyk M, Spencer D, Welsbie D, Afshari N and Chao D: Potential of ocular transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Vision (Basel). 4:42020.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kugadas A and Gadjeva M: Impact of microbiome on ocular health. Ocul Surf. 14:342–349. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Lu CW, Liu XF and Jia ZF: 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 395:e392020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Cheema M, Aghazadeh H, Nazarali S, Ting A, Hodges G, McFarlane A, Kanji J, Zelyas N, Damji K and Solarte C: Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). Can J Ophthalmol. 55:e125–e129. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Wang W, Ye L, Ye L, Li B, Gao B, Zeng Y, Kong L, Fang X, Zheng H, Wu Z, et al: Up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-alpha induced by SARS-coronavirus spike protein in murine macrophages via NF-kappaB pathway. Virus Res. 128:1–8. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kovacs SB and Miao EA: Gasdermins: Effectors of Pyroptosis. Trends Cell Biol. 27:673–684. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Shi J, Gao W and Shao F: Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death. Trends Biochem Sci. 42:245–254. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Xu YJ, Zheng L, Hu YW and Wang Q: Pyroptosis and its relationship to atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 476:28–37. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Man SM, Karki R and Kanneganti TD: Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases. Immunol Rev. 277:61–75. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Zhao W, Yang H, Lyu L, Zhang J, Xu Q, Jiang N, Liu G, Wang L, Yan H and Che C: GSDMD, an executor of pyroptosis, is involved in IL-1β secretion in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res. 202:1083752021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Miao EA, Rajan JV and Aderem A: Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death. Immunol Rev. 243:206–214. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu G, Lyu L, Yang H, Liu G, Yang S, Gu C, Wang L, Yan H, Hu M, Che C, Che C, et al: SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 24: 584, 2021.
APA
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C. ... Che, C. (2021). SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 584. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12223
MLA
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C., Wang, L., Yan, H., Hu, M., Che, C."SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.2 (2021): 584.
Chicago
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C., Wang, L., Yan, H., Hu, M., Che, C."SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 2 (2021): 584. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12223
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhu G, Lyu L, Yang H, Liu G, Yang S, Gu C, Wang L, Yan H, Hu M, Che C, Che C, et al: SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 24: 584, 2021.
APA
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C. ... Che, C. (2021). SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 584. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12223
MLA
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C., Wang, L., Yan, H., Hu, M., Che, C."SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.2 (2021): 584.
Chicago
Zhu, G., Lyu, L., Yang, H., Liu, G., Yang, S., Gu, C., Wang, L., Yan, H., Hu, M., Che, C."SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein‑induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 2 (2021): 584. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12223
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team