Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
October-2021 Volume 24 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2021 Volume 24 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells

  • Authors:
    • Qi Liu
    • Mengyue Yang
    • Lu Zhang
    • Ruoxi Zhang
    • Xingtao Huang
    • Xuedong Wang
    • Wenjuan Du
    • Jingbo Hou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 709
    |
    Published online on: August 9, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12348
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Recruitment of lymphocytes to the vascular wall contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). The expression of cellular adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 and intercellular adhesion molecule‑1, serves a critical role in mediating lymphocyte adhesion to the vascular wall. Cholesterol loading induces the expression of adhesion molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of cholesterol on adhesion molecule expression, and whether metformin protected VSMCs against cholesterol‑induced functional alterations. Human VSMCs were loaded with cholesterol and different concentrations of metformin. The expression levels of adhesion molecules were assessed via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and levels were quantified via fluorescence assays and spectrophotometry, respectively. AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), p38 MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathway‑related protein expression levels were evaluated via western blotting. Compared with the control group, cholesterol loading significantly upregulated adhesion molecule expression levels on VSMCs by increasing intracellular ROS levels and activating the p38 MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. Metformin decreased cholesterol‑induced VSMC damage by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, and suppressing p38 MAPK and NF‑κB signaling. The present study indicated the therapeutic potential of metformin for VSMC protection, reduction of monocyte adhesion, and ultimately, the prevention and treatment of AS.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, et al: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: A report from the American heart association. Circulation. 135:e146–e603. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Dubland JA and Francis GA: So much cholesterol: The unrecognized importance of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic foam cell formation. Curr Opin Lipidol. 27:155–161. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Bennett MR, Sinha S and Owens GK: Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:692–702. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Miano JM, Fisher EA and Majesky MW: Fate and state of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 143:2110–2116. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Shankman LS, Gomez D, Cherepanova OA, Salmon M, Alencar GF, Haskins RM, Swiatlowska P, Newman AC, Greene ES, Straub AC, et al: KLF4-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells has a key role in atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis. Nat Med. 21:628–637. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Vengrenyuk Y, Nishi H, Long X, Ouimet M, Savji N, Martinez FO, Cassella CP, Moore KJ, Ramsey SA, Miano JM and Fisher EA: Cholesterol loading reprograms the microRNA-143/145-myocardin axis to convert aortic smooth muscle cells to a dysfunctional macrophage-like phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 35:535–546. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Liu Q, Zhang H, Lin J, Zhang R, Chen S, Liu W, Sun M, Du W, Hou J and Yu B: C1q/TNF-related protein 9 inhibits the cholesterol-induced vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switch and cell dysfunction by activating AMP-dependent kinase. J Cell Mol Med. 21:2823–2836. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Williams JW, Martel C, Potteaux S, Esaulova E, Ingersoll MA, Elvington A, Saunders BT, Huang LH, Habenicht AJ, Zinselmeyer BH and Randolph GJ: Limited macrophage positional dynamics in progressing or regressing murine atherosclerotic plaques-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 38:1702–1710. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Clemente C, Rius C, Alonso-Herranz L, Martín-Alonso M, Pollán A, Camafeita E, Martínez F, Mota RA, Núñez V, Rodríguez C, et al: MT4-MMP deficiency increases patrolling monocyte recruitment to early lesions and accelerates atherosclerosis. Nat Commun. 9:9102018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Förstermann U, Xia N and Li H: Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 120:713–735. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Niemann B, Rohrbach S, Miller MR, Newby DE, Fuster V and Kovacic JC: Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk: Obesity, diabetes, smoking, and pollution: Part 3 of a 3-part series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 70:230–251. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Li C, Zhang WJ and Frei B: Quercetin inhibits LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression and oxidant production in human aortic endothelial cells by p38-mediated Nrf2 activation and antioxidant enzyme induction. Redox Biol. 9:104–113. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Akoumianakis I and Antoniades C: Impaired vascular redox signaling in the vascular complications of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal. 30:333–353. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Frias JP, Bonora E, Nevárez Ruiz L, Hsia SH, Jung H, Raha S, Cox DA, Bethel MA and Konig M: Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg in patients aged younger than 65 and 65 years or older: Post hoc analysis of the AWARD-11 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. Jun 22–2021.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Chen X, Li X, Zhang W, He J, Xu B, Lei B, Wang Z, Cates C, Rousselle T and Li J: Activation of AMPK inhibits inflammatory response during hypoxia and reoxygenation through modulating JNK-mediated NF-κB pathway. Metabolism. 83:256–270. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Wang Q, Zhang M, Torres G, Wu S, Ouyang C, Xie Z and Zou MH: Metformin suppresses diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis via the inhibition of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Diabetes. 66:193–205. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bañuls C, Rovira-Llopis S, de Marañon AM, Veses S, Jover A, Gomez M, Rocha M, Hernandez-Mijares A and Victor VM: Metabolic syndrome enhances endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative stress and leukocyte-endothelium interactions in PCOS. Metabolism. 71:153–162. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Yan S, Zhang X, Zheng H, Hu D, Zhang Y, Guan Q, Liu L, Ding Q and Li Y: Clematichinenoside inhibits VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-treated endothelial cells via NADPH oxidase-dependent IκB kinase/NF-κB pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 78:190–201. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Daiber A: Redox signaling (cross-talk) from and to mitochondria involves mitochondrial pores and reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1797:897–906. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhou H, Zhang Y, Hu S, Shi C, Zhu P, Ma Q, Jin Q, Cao F, Tian F and Chen Y: Melatonin protects cardiac microvasculature against ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of mitochondrial fission-VDAC1-HK2-mPTP-mitophagy axis. J Pineal Res. 63:e124132017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

He H, Guo F, Li Y, Saaoud F, Kimmis BD, Sandhu J, Fan M, Maulik D, Lessner S, Papasian CJ, et al: Adiporedoxin suppresses endothelial activation via inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Sci Rep. 6:389752016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Altieri P, Murialdo R, Barisione C, Lazzarini E, Garibaldi S, Fabbi P, Ruggeri C, Borile S, Carbone F, Armirotti A, et al: 5-fluorouracil causes endothelial cell senescence: Potential protective role of glucagon-like peptide 1. Br J Pharmacol. 174:3713–3726. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Huang M, Zeng S, Zou Y, Shi M, Qiu Q, Xiao Y, Chen G, Yang X, Liang L and Xu H: The suppression of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibits vascular inflammation by blocking NF-κB and MAPK activation. Br J Pharmacol. 174:101–115. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Gerhardt T and Ley K: Monocyte trafficking across the vessel wall. Cardiovasc Res. 107:321–330. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hsu WY, Chao YW, Tsai YL, Lien CC, Chang CF, Deng MC, Ho LT, Kwok CF and Juan CC: Resistin induces monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by increasing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells via p38MAPK-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol. 226:2181–2188. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Moore KJ, Sheedy FJ and Fisher EA: Macrophages in atherosclerosis: A dynamic balance. Nat Rev Immunol. 13:709–721. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sun HJ, Zhao MX, Liu TY, Ren XS, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM and Zhu GQ: Salusin-β induces foam cell formation and monocyte adhesion in human vascular smooth muscle cells via miR155/NOX2/NFκB pathway. Sci Rep. 6:235962016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hsu SY, Liou JW, Cheng TL, Peng SY, Lin CC, Chu YY, Luo WC, Huang ZK and Jiang SJ: β-Naphthoflavone protects from peritonitis by reducing TNF-α-induced endothelial cell activation. Pharmacol Res. 102:192–199. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lassegue B and Clempus RE: Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: Specific features, expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 285:R277–R297. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Rasheduzzaman M, Yin H and Park SY: Cardiac glycoside sensitized hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL via ROS generation, p38MAPK, mitochondrial transition, and autophagy mediation. Mol Carcinog. 58:2040–2051. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zhang P, Yin Y, Wang T, Li W, Li C, Zeng X, Yang W, Zhang R, Tang Y, Shi L, et al: Maresin 1 mitigates concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury in mice by inhibiting ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 147:23–36. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Di Pino A and DeFronzo RA: Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis: Implications for insulin-sensitizing agents. Endocr Rev. 40:1447–1467. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Huang T and Redline S: Cross-sectional and prospective associations of actigraphy-assessed sleep regularity with metabolic abnormalities: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care. 42:1422–1429. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Roumie CL, Chipman J, Min JY, Hackstadt AJ, Hung AM, Greevy RA Jr, Grijalva CG and Elasy T: Association of treatment with metformin vs sulfonylurea with major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with diabetes and reduced kidney function. JAMA. 322:1167–1177. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Foretz M, Guigas B, Bertrand L, Pollak M and Viollet B: Metformin: From mechanisms of action to therapies. Cell Metab. 20:953–966. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Fan Y, Yang Q, Yang Y, Gao Z, Ma Y, Zhang L, Liang W and Ding G: Sirt6 suppresses high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in podocytes through AMPK activation. Int J Biol Sci. 15:701–713. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Q, Yang M, Zhang L, Zhang R, Huang X, Wang X, Du W and Hou J: Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 24: 709, 2021.
APA
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X. ... Hou, J. (2021). Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12348
MLA
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X., Du, W., Hou, J."Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.4 (2021): 709.
Chicago
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X., Du, W., Hou, J."Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 4 (2021): 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12348
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Q, Yang M, Zhang L, Zhang R, Huang X, Wang X, Du W and Hou J: Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 24: 709, 2021.
APA
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X. ... Hou, J. (2021). Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12348
MLA
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X., Du, W., Hou, J."Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.4 (2021): 709.
Chicago
Liu, Q., Yang, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Huang, X., Wang, X., Du, W., Hou, J."Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 4 (2021): 709. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12348
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team