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Review

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hong Wu
    • Qingxia You
    • Yi Jiang
    • Fangxiang Mu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 847
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    Published online on: October 11, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12487
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Abstract

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a troublesome pregnancy disorder that manifests as sequential early pregnancy losses; its causes are diverse and complex. Among the known possible causes of RSA, the development of an immune disorder in response to the embryo appears to be the most pronounced. The imbalance between immune rejection and immune tolerance contributes to pregnancy loss in females with RSA, wherein the abnormal ratio of T helper (Th)1 cell‑related cytokines [predominantly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α] and Th2 cell‑related cytokines is a strong risk factor for RSA. TNF‑α is a pro‑inflammatory cytokine and TNF inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis. Based on their immunomodulatory properties, TNF inhibitors have been used in the treatment of RSA to reduce the immune rejection rate and improvement in pregnancy outcomes has been observed in females suffering from RSA who were treated with TNF inhibitors. The aim of the present review was to interpret the involvement of TNF‑α in the immunological disorder underlying RSA and summarize the clinical outcomes of TNF inhibitor treatment in patients with RSA.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, You Q, Jiang Y and Mu F: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review). Mol Med Rep 24: 847, 2021.
APA
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., & Mu, F. (2021). Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 847. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12487
MLA
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., Mu, F."Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.6 (2021): 847.
Chicago
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., Mu, F."Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 6 (2021): 847. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12487
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, You Q, Jiang Y and Mu F: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review). Mol Med Rep 24: 847, 2021.
APA
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., & Mu, F. (2021). Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 847. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12487
MLA
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., Mu, F."Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.6 (2021): 847.
Chicago
Wu, H., You, Q., Jiang, Y., Mu, F."Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 6 (2021): 847. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12487
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