Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 24 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 24 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion

  • Authors:
    • Li Xu
    • Jiang Wu
    • Yuan Liu
    • Gang Chen
    • Chao Ma
    • Hongrong Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Intensive Care Unit of Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215026, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215026, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 860
    |
    Published online on: October 19, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12500
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with high deformity rates and cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic switch is considered to be involved in the regulation of CVS. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, its underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) has been demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of vascular cells proliferation and maintains the autoregulation function of blood vessels. The present study investigated the potential effect of PPARβ/δ on CVS following SAH. A model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation on male adult Sprague‑Dawley rats, and the adenovirus PPARβ/δ (Ad‑PPARβ/δ) was injected via intracerebroventricular administration prior to SAH. The expression levels of phenotypic markers α‑smooth muscle actin and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain were measured via western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The basilar artery diameter and vessel wall thickness were evaluated under fluorescence microscopy. SAH grade, neurological scores, brain water content and brain swelling were measured to study the mechanisms of PPARβ/δ on vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation. It was revealed that the expression levels of synthetic proteins were upregulated in rats with SAH and this was accompanied by CVS. Activation of PPARβ/δ using Ad‑PPARβ/δ markedly upregulated the contractile proteins elevation, restrained the synthetic proteins expression and attenuated SAH‑induced CVS by regulating the phenotypic switch in VSMCs at 72 h following SAH. Furthermore, the preliminary study demonstrated that PPARβ/δ downregulated ERK activity and decreased the expression of phosphorylated (p‑)ETS domain‑containing protein Elk‑1 and p‑p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, which have been demonstrated to serve an important role in VSMC phenotypic change. Additionally, it was revealed that Ad‑PPARβ/δ could positively improve CVS by ameliorating the diameter of the basilar artery and mitigating the thickness of the vascular wall. Furthermore, subsequent experiments demonstrated that Ad‑PPARβ/δ markedly reduced the brain water content and brain swelling and improved the neurological outcome. Taken together, the present study identified PPARβ/δ as a useful regulator for the VSMCs phenotypic switch and attenuating CVS following SAH, thereby providing novel insights into the therapeutic strategies of delayed cerebral ischemia.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Pluta RM, Hansen-Schwartz J, Dreier J, Vajkoczy P, Macdonald RL, Nishizawa S, Kasuya H, Wellman G, Keller E, Zauner A, et al: Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: Time for a new world of thought. Neurol Res. 31:151–158. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J and Zhang JH: Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol. 115:64–91. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Rothoerl RD and Ringel F: Molecular mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH. Neurol Res. 29:636–642. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ciurea AV, Palade C, Voinescu D and Nica DA: Subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm-literature review. J Med Life. 6:120–125. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Crowley RW, Medel R, Kassell NF and Dumont AS: New insights into the causes and therapy of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Drug Discov Today. 13:254–260. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Fassbender K, Hodapp B, Rossol S, Bertsch T, Schmeck J, Schütt S, Fritzinger M, Horn P, Vajkoczy P, Kreisel S, et al: Inflammatory cytokines in subarachnoid hemorrhage: Association with abnormal blood flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 70:534–537. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Osuka K, Watanabe Y, Yamauchi K, Nakazawa A, Usuda N, Tokuda M and Yoshida J: Activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the rat basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res. 1072:1–7. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Dumont AS, Dumont RJ, Chow MM, Lin CL, Calisaneller T, Ley KF, Kassell NF and Lee KS: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Putative role of inflammation. Neurosurgery. 53:123–135. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Cheng MF, Song JN, Li DD, Zhao YL, An JY, Sun P and Luo XH: The role of rosiglitazone in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 156:2103–2109. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kolias AG, Sen J and Belli A: Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Putative mechanisms and novel approaches. J Neurosci Res. 87:1–11. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ohkuma H, Tsurutani H and Suzuki S: Changes of beta-actin mRNA expression in canine vasospastic basilar artery after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett. 311:9–12. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Davis-Dusenbery BN, Wu C and Hata A: Micromanaging vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic modulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 31:2370–2377. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Rensen SS, Doevendans PA and van Eys GJ: Regulation and characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic diversity. Neth Heart J. 15:100–108. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K and Marchant RE: Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: Implications for vascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 16:467–491. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Shimamura N and Ohkuma H: Phenotypic transformation of smooth muscle in vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 5:357–364. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zhang JH, Badaut J, Tang J, Obenaus A, Hartman R and Pearce WJ: The vascular neural network-a new paradigm in stroke pathophysiology. Nat Rev Neurol. 8:711–716. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhang J, Wang L, Fu W, Wang C, Guo D, Jiang J and Wang Y: Smooth muscle cell phenotypic diversity between dissected and unaffected thoracic aortic media. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 54:511–521. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lim HJ, Lee S, Park JH, Lee KS, Choi HE, Chung KS, Lee HH and Park HY: PPAR delta agonist L-165041 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of cell cycle. Atherosclerosis. 202:446–454. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Moreno S, Farioli-Vecchioli S and Cerù MP: Immunolocalization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and retinoid X receptors in the adult rat CNS. Neuroscience. 123:131–145. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ehrenborg E and Krook A: Regulation of skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Pharmacol Rev. 61:373–393. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kim HJ, Ham SA, Kim SU, Hwang JY, Kim JH, Chang KC, Yabe-Nishimura C, Kim JH and Seo HG: Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a molecular target for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Circ Res. 102:193–200. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Blenis J: Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: Proceed at your own RSK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:5889–5892. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Seger R and Krebs EG: The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:726–735. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Frödin M and Gammeltoft S: Role and regulation of 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) in signal transduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 151:65–77. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Kawai-Kowase K and Owens GK: Multiple repressor pathways contribute to phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 292:C59–C69. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kang YH, Yang IJ and Shin HM: Herbal formula HMC05 prevents human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation by inhibiting the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling cascade. J Nat Med. 66:177–184. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

MacArthur Clark JA and Sun D: Guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People's Republic of China national standard GB/T 35892-2018 (issued 6 February 2018 effective from 1 September 2018). Animal Model Exp Med. 3:103–113. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Muroi C, Fujioka M, Okuchi K, Fandino J, Keller E, Sakamoto Y, Mishima K, Iwasaki K and Fujiwara M: Filament perforation model for mouse subarachnoid hemorrhage: Surgical-technical considerations. Br J Neurosurg. 28:722–732. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Sugawara T, Ayer R, Jadhav V and Zhang JH: A new grading system evaluating bleeding scale in filament perforation subarachnoid hemorrhage rat model. J Neurosci Methods. 167:327–334. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Suzuki H, Hasegawa Y, Chen W, Kanamaru K and Zhang JH: Recombinant osteopontin in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 68:650–660. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Chen Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Liu F, Hu Q, Luo C, Tang J, Feng H and Zhang JH: Norrin protected blood-brain barrier via frizzled-4/β-catenin pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke. 46:529–536. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Teng Z, Jiang L, Hu Q, He Y and Guo Z, Wu Y, Huang Z, Cao F, Cheng C, Sun X and Guo Z: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ alleviates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke. 47:196–205. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Ostrowski RP, Colohan AR and Zhang JH: Mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen-induced neuroprotection in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 25:554–571. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Choudhri TF, Hoh BL, Solomon RA, Connolly ES Jr and Pinsky DJ: Use of a spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay to objectively quantify intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Stroke. 28:2296–2302. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Carpenter RC, Miao L, Miyagi Y, Bengten E and Zhang JH: Altered expression of P(2) receptor mRNAs in the basilar artery in a rat double hemorrhage model. Stroke. 32:516–522. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Chen D, Tang J, Khatibi NH, Zhu M, Li Y, Wang C, Jiang R, Tu L and Wang S: Treatment with Z-ligustilide, a component of Angelica sinensis, reduces brain injury after a subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 337:663–672. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Fan R, Enkhjargal B, Camara R, Yan F, Gong L, Shengtao Yao, Tang J, Chen Y and Zhang JH: Critical role of EphA4 in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rat. Exp Neurol. 296:41–48. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang H, Jiang L, Guo Z, Zhong J, Wu J, He J, Liu H, He Z, Wu H, Cheng C and Sun X: PPARβ/δ, a novel regulator for vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Sci Rep. 7:452342017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Maddahi A, Povlsen GK and Edvinsson L: Regulation of enhanced cerebrovascular expression of proinflammatory mediators in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Neuroinflammation. 9:2742012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Danura H, Schatlo B, Marbacher S, Kerkeni H, Diepers M, Remonda L, Fathi AR and Fandino J: Acute angiographic vasospasm and the incidence of delayed cerebral vasospasm: Preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 120:187–190. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Shimamura N, Munakata A and Ohkuma H: Current management of subarachnoid hemorrhage in advanced age. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 110:151–155. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Chou SH, Smith EE, Badjatia N, Nogueira RG, Sims JR II, Ogilvy CS, Rordorf GA and Ayata C: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 39:2891–2893. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Edvinsson LI and Povlsen GK: Vascular plasticity in cerebrovascular disorders. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 31:1554–1571. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ohkuma H, Suzuki S and Ogane K: Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells and vascular remodeling in intraparenchymal small cerebral arteries after canine experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett. 344:193–196. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Wu J, Zhang Y, Yang P, Enkhjargal B, Manaenko A, Tang J, Pearce WJ, Hartman R, Obenaus A, Chen G and Zhang JH: Recombinant osteopontin stabilizes smooth muscle cell phenotype via integrin receptor/integrin-linked kinase/rac-1 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke. 47:1319–1327. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Smyth LCD, Rustenhoven J, Scotter EL, Schweder P, Faull RL, Park TI and Dragunow M: Markers for human brain pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Chem Neuroanat. 92:48–60. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Piqueras L, Reynolds AR, Hodivala-Dilke KM, Alfranca A, Redondo JM, Hatae T, Tanabe T, Warner TD and Bishop-Bailey D: Activation of PPARbeta/delta induces endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 27:63–69. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Lee CH, Chawla A, Urbiztondo N, Liao D, Boisvert WA, Evans RM and Curtiss LK: Transcriptional repression of atherogenic inflammation: Modulation by PPARdelta. Science. 302:453–457. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Chang CZ, Wu SC and Kwan AL: Glycyrrhizin attenuates proinflammatory cytokines through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-dependent mechanism and experimental vasospasm in a rat model. J Vasc Res. 52:12–21. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Hamaya R, Ogawa M, Suzuki J, Kobayashi N, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Komuro I and Isobe M: A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ agonist attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after wire-mediated arterial injury. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. 22:1095–1106. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Pipes GC, Creemers EE and Olson EN: The myocardin family of transcriptional coactivators: Versatile regulators of cell growth, migration, and myogenesis. Genes Dev. 20:1545–1556. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Parmacek MS: Myocardin-related transcription factors: Critical coactivators regulating cardiovascular development and adaptation. Circ Res. 100:633–644. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Takata Y, Liu J, Yin F, Collins AR, Lyon CJ, Lee CH, Atkins AR, Downes M, Barish GD, Evans RM, et al: PPARdelta-mediated antiinflammatory mechanisms inhibit angiotensin II-accelerated atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:4277–4282. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Salvadó L, Barroso E, Gómez-Foix AM, Palomer X, Michalik L, Wahli W and Vázquez-Carrera M: PPARβ/δ prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells through an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Diabetologia. 57:2126–2135. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Hsieh HL, Wu CY and Yang CM: Bradykinin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and cell migration through a PKC-delta-dependent ERK/Elk-1 pathway in astrocytes. Glia. 56:619–632. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Wang Z, Wang DZ, Hockemeyer D, McAnally J, Nordheim A and Olson EN: Myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for SRF to control smooth muscle gene expression. Nature. 428:185–189. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Toral M, Romero M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J and Jiménez R: Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 312:H189–H200. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Barroso E, Eyre E, Palomer X and Vázquez-Carrera M: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) agonist GW501516 prevents TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in human HaCaT cells by reducing p65 acetylation through AMPK and SIRT1. Biochem Pharmacol. 81:534–543. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Zarzuelo MJ, Jiménez R, Galindo P, Sánchez M, Nieto A, Romero M, Quintela AM, López-Sepúlveda R, Gómez-Guzmán M, Bailón E, et al: Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 58:733–743. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Law RE, Goetze S, Xi XP, Jackson S, Kawano Y, Demer L, Fishbein MC, Meehan WP and Hsueh WA: Expression and function of PPARgamma in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 101:1311–1318. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Dorhout Mees SM, Rinkel GJE, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M and van Gijn J: Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 39:514–515. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Pandey AS, Elias AE, Chaudhary N, Thompson BG and Gemmete JJ: Endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm: Vasodilators and angioplasty. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23:593–604. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Hansen-Schwartz J: Cerebral vasospasm: A consideration of the various cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology. Neurocrit Care. 1:235–246. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Edvinsson L, Larsen SS, Maddahi A and Nielsen J: Plasticity of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 5:365–376. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu L, Wu J, Liu Y, Chen G, Ma C and Zhang H: Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion. Mol Med Rep 24: 860, 2021.
APA
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., & Zhang, H. (2021). Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 860. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12500
MLA
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., Zhang, H."Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.6 (2021): 860.
Chicago
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., Zhang, H."Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 6 (2021): 860. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12500
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu L, Wu J, Liu Y, Chen G, Ma C and Zhang H: Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion. Mol Med Rep 24: 860, 2021.
APA
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., & Zhang, H. (2021). Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24, 860. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12500
MLA
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., Zhang, H."Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion". Molecular Medicine Reports 24.6 (2021): 860.
Chicago
Xu, L., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Chen, G., Ma, C., Zhang, H."Peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor β/δ regulates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage via modulating vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic conversion". Molecular Medicine Reports 24, no. 6 (2021): 860. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12500
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team