Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2022 Volume 25 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2022 Volume 25 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback

  • Authors:
    • Yinxian Wen
    • Siyuan Cheng
    • Juan Lu
    • Xia He
    • Zhexiao Jiao
    • Dan Xu
    • Hui Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 21
    |
    Published online on: November 18, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12537
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Prenatal food restriction (PFR) induces dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal (HPA) axis in the adult offspring. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanism of this process. Pregnant rats were placed on a restricted diet between gestational day 11 and 21. The offspring were fed with a high‑fat diet and were subjected to unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) from postnatal week 17 to 20. A higher serum corticosterone (CORT) level was observed in the PFR fetuses. Although lower arginine vasopressin (AVP), hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNA expression levels were detected in the hippocampi of PFR fetuses, the ratio of the mRNA expression levels of vGLUT2 and GAD65 was higher compared with that of the controls, which was accompanied by histopathological and ultrastructural abnormalities of both the hypothalamus and hippocampus. However, there were no marked changes in the hippocampal expression levels of glucocorticoids receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoids receptor (MR) or the ratio of MR/GR ratio. After the fetuses had matured, lower serum CORT and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were observed in PFR rats without UCS when compared with the control. A higher rise rate of serum ACTH was also observed after UCS when compared with that in rats without UCS. Furthermore, the hypothalamic mRNA expression level of corticotrophin‑releasing hormone (CRH) was lower in PFR rats without UCS, while expression levels of CRH, AVP, GAD65 and vGLUT2 were enhanced after UCS when compared with the control, accompanied by an increased vGLUT2/GAD65 expression ratio. MR mRNA expression was lower, and GR mRNA expression was higher in the hippocampus of the PFR rats without UCS when compared with the control. However, the mRNA expression levels of both MR and GR in the PFR rats were higher compared with those of the control after UCS, which was accompanied histopathological changes in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis (CA1) and CA3 areas. In summary, it was suggested that PFR induced fetal alterations of the HPA axis manifesting as hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback, which persisted to adulthood and affected the behavior of the rat offspring.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Zhang C, Xu D, Luo H, Lu J, Liu L, Ping J and Wang H: Prenatal xenobiotic exposure and intrauterine hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis programming alteration. Toxicology. 325:74–84. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Barker DJ: The developmental origins of chronic adult disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 93:26–33. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Clark PM: Programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis. Eur J Pediatr. 157 (Suppl 1):S7–S10. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lesage J, Sebaai N, Leonhardt M, Dutriez-Casteloot I, Breton C, Deloof S and Vieau D: Perinatal maternal undernutrition programs the offspring hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Stress. 9:183–198. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Poore KR and Fowden AL: The effect of birth weight on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function in juvenile and adult pigs. J Physiol. 547((Pt 1)): 107–116. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zhang L, Xu D, Zhang B, Liu Y, Chu F, Guo Y, Gong J, Zheng X, Chen L and Wang H: Prenatal food restriction induces a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis-associated neuroendocrine metabolic programmed alteration in adult offspring rats. Arch Med Res. 44:335–345. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Holsboer F and Ising M: Stress hormone regulation: Biological role and translation into therapy. Annu Rev Psychol. 61:81–109. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Tasker JG and Herman JP: Mechanisms of rapid glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress. 14:398–406. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

National Research Council (US), . Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care Use of Laboratory Animals: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. (8th edition). National Academies Press. (Washington, DC). 2011.

10 

Brenes Sáenz JC, Villagra OR and Fornaguera Trías J: Factor analysis of forced swimming test, sucrose preference test and open field test on enriched, social and isolated reared rats. Behav Brain Res. 169:57–65. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Deacon RM and Rawlins JN: T-maze alternation in the rodent. Nat Protoc. 1:7–12. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ye J, McGinnis S and Madden TL: BLAST: Improvements for better sequence analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 34 (Web Server Issue). W6–W9. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Flak JN, Ostrander MM, Tasker JG and Herman JP: Chronic stress-induced neurotransmitter plasticity in the PVN. J Comp Neurol. 517:156–165. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Smith SM and Vale WW: The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 8:383–395. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Sebaai N, Lesage J, Breton C, Vieau D and Deloof S: Perinatal food deprivation induces marked alterations of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in 8-month-old male rats both under basal conditions and after a dehydration period. Neuroendocrinology. 79:163–173. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hawkins P, Hanson MA and Matthews SG: Maternal undernutrition in early gestation alters molecular regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the ovine fetus. J Neuroendocrinology. 13:855–861. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Vieau D, Sebaai N, Leonhardt M, Dutriez-Casteloot I, Molendi-Coste O, Laborie C, Breton C, Deloof S and Lesage J: HPA axis programming by maternal undernutrition in the male rat offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32 (Suppl 1):S16–S20. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Leonhardt M, Lesage J, Croix D, Dutriez-Casteloot I, Beauvillain JC and Dupouy JP: Effects of perinatal maternal food restriction on pituitary-gonadal axis and plasma leptin level in rat pup at birth and weaning and on timing of puberty. Boil Reprod. 68:390–400. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Hawkins P, Steyn C, McGarrigle HH, Saito T, Ozaki T, Stratford LL, Noakes DE and Hanson MA: Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in early gestation on responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to acute isocapnic hypoxaemia in late gestation fetal sheep. Exp Physiol. 85:85–96. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Tegethoff M, Pryce C and Meinlschmidt G: Effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, newborn, and infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in humans: A systematic review. Endocr Rev. 30:753–789. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Gohlke JM, Griffith WC and Faustman EM: A systems-based computational model for dose-response comparisons of two mode of action hypotheses for ethanol-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity. Toxicol Sci. 86:470–484. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Herman JP, Mueller NK and Figueiredo H: Role of GABA and glutamate circuitry in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress integration. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1018:35–45. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH and Joëls M: Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol. 49:124–145. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Kozlovsky N, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Zohar J and Cohen H: A distinct pattern of intracellular glucocorticoid-related responses is associated with extreme behavioral response to stress in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 19:759–771. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Treccani G, Musazzi L, Perego C, Milanese M, Nava N, Bonifacino T, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A, Drago F, Racagni G, et al: Stress and corticosterone increase the readily releasable pool of glutamate vesicles in synaptic terminals of prefrontal and frontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry. 19:433–443. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Matthews SG: Early programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13:373–380. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sapolsky RM and Meaney MJ: Maturation of the adrenocortical stress response: Neuroendocrine control mechanisms and the stress hyporesponsive period. Brain Res. 396:64–76. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Krishnamurthy S, Garabadu D and Joy KP: Risperidone ameliorates post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms in modified stress re-stress model. Neuroendocrinology. 75:62–77. 2013.

30 

Liao XM, Yang XD, Jia J, Li JT, Xie XM, Su YA, Schmidt MV, Si TM and Wang XD: Blockade of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 attenuates early-life stress-induced synaptic abnormalities in the neonatal hippocampus. Hippocampus. 24:528–540. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

de Quervain DJ, Aerni A, Schelling G and Roozendaal B: Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 30:358–370. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Arbel I, Kadar T, Silbermann M and Levy A: The effects of long-term corticosterone administration on hippocampal morphology and cognitive performance of middle-aged rats. Brain Res. 657:227–235. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

De Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS and Joëls M: Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 19:269–301. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Arends N, Johnston L, Hokken-Koelega A, van Duijn C, de Ridder M, Savage M and Clark A: Polymorphism in the IGF-I gene: Clinical relevance for short children born small for gestational age (SGA). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:27202002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Qiu XS, Huang TT, Deng HY, Shen ZY, Ke ZY, Mei KY and Lai F: Effects of early nutrition intervention on IGF1, IGFBP3, intestinal development, and catch-up growth of intrauterine growth retardation rats. Chin Med Sci J. 19:189–192. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Thamotharan M, Shin BC, Suddirikku DT, Thamotharan S, Garg M and Devaskar SU: GLUT4 expression and subcellular localization in the intrauterine growth-restricted adult rat female offspring. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 288:E935–E947. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sloboda DM, Moss TJ, Li S, Matthews SG, Challis JR and Newnham JP: Expression of glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in the fetal and postnatal ovine hippocampus: Ontogeny and effects of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure. J Endocrinol. 197:213–220. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Tan Y, Liu J, Deng Y, Cao H, Xu D, Cu F, Lei Y, Magdalou J, Wu M, Chen L and Wang H: Caffeine-induced fetal rat over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoid and histone methylation of liver IGF-1 might cause skeletal growth retardation. Toxicol Lett. 214:279–287. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Xu D, Chen M, Pan XL, Xia LP and Wang H: Dexamethasone induces fetal developmental toxicity through affecting the placental glucocorticoid barrier and depressing fetal adrenal function. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 32:356–363. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Chen M, Wang T, Liao ZX, Pan XL, Feng YH and Wang H: Nicotine-induced prenatal overexposure to maternal glucocorticoid and intrauterine growth retardation in rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 59:245–251. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Xu D, Zhang B, Liang G, Ping J, Kou H, Li X, Xiong J, Hu D, Chen L, Magdalou J and Wang H: Caffeine-induced activated glucocorticoid metabolism in the hippocampus causes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis inhibition in fetal rats. PLoS One. 7:e444972012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wen Y, Cheng S, Lu J, He X, Jiao Z, Xu D and Wang H: Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback. Mol Med Rep 25: 21, 2022.
APA
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2022). Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12537
MLA
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., Wang, H."Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.1 (2022): 21.
Chicago
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., Wang, H."Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 1 (2022): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12537
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wen Y, Cheng S, Lu J, He X, Jiao Z, Xu D and Wang H: Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback. Mol Med Rep 25: 21, 2022.
APA
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2022). Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12537
MLA
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., Wang, H."Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.1 (2022): 21.
Chicago
Wen, Y., Cheng, S., Lu, J., He, X., Jiao, Z., Xu, D., Wang, H."Dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in male rat offspring with prenatal food restriction: Fetal programming of hypothalamic hyperexcitability and poor hippocampal feedback". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 1 (2022): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12537
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team