Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2022 Volume 25 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2022 Volume 25 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: In vitro and in vivo evidence

  • Authors:
    • Fa-Xiu Chen
    • Qin Wan
    • Qing-Ling Li
    • Jing Fang
    • Le Peng
    • Jian Hu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 50
    |
    Published online on: December 13, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12566
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The function of substance P (SP) in myocardial ischemia is well understood, but its effects on congestive heart failure are unclear. The present study aimed to use in vitro and in vivo approaches to investigate the effects of SP on doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury. Pathological changes, apoptosis, cardiomyocyte ultrastructure and molecular mechanisms were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The effects of SP on cell viability of H9c2 myocardial cells were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometry. B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), Beclin‑1 and microtubule‑associated protein 1A/1B‑light chain 3 (LC3) were detected by western blotting. Heart failure in rats was established by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin. The in vitro data demonstrated that SP at concentrations of 1 µg/ml inhibited doxorubicin‑induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells. Administration of doxorubicin reduced Bcl‑2, Beclin‑1 and LC3 expression levels in H9c2 cells, while having no effect on Bax levels. Administration of SP to these doxorubicin‑treated cells did not affect Bcl‑2 or Bax expression, but further reduced Beclin‑1 while inhibiting the reduction in LC3 expression. In vivo, food intake was significantly increased in rats in the SP group compared with the model group. Cardiomyocytes in the heart‑failure group underwent dysfunctional autophagy as ascertained by transmission electron microscopy. Compared with the heart‑failure group, these pathological changes, including loss of striations and vacuolation, were inhibited by SP treatment, which promoted Bax expression, reduced Beclin‑1 expression and inhibited the reduction in LC3 expression. Taken together, SP reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury, likely by promoting autophagy, which suggested that SP is a potential therapeutic target for doxorubicin‑induced heart failure.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

View References

1 

Taheri M, Mahmud Hussen B, Tondro Anamag F, Shoorei H, Dinger ME and Ghafouri-Fard S: The role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in conferring resistance to doxorubicin. J Drug Target. Apr 15–2021.(Epub ahead of print.). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Conklin KA: Chemotherapy-associated oxidative stress: Impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness. Integr Cancer Ther. 3:294–300. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Shabalala S, Muller CJF, Louw J and Johnson R: Polyphenols, autophagy and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Life Sci. 180:160–170. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mitry MA and Edwards JG: Doxorubicin induced heart failure: Phenotype and molecular mechanisms. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 10:17–24. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Jiang Y, Liu Y, Xiao W, Zhang D, Liu X, Xiao H, You S and Yuan L: Xinmailong attenuates doxorubicin-induced lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in H9c2 cells via HO-1. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021:58969312021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Narula J, Haider N, Arbustini E and Chandrashekhar Y: Mechanisms of disease: Apoptosis in heart failure - seeing hope in death. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 3:681–688. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

van Empel VP, Bertrand AT, Hofstra L, Crijns HJ, Doevendans PA and De Windt LJ: Myocyte apoptosis in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 67:21–29. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Pennefather JN, Lecci A, Candenas ML, Patak E, Pinto FM and Maggi CA: Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: A growing family. Life Sci. 74:1445–1463. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Brain SD and Cox HM: Neuropeptides and their receptors: Innovative science providing novel therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol. 147 (Suppl 1):S202–S211. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Massaad CA, Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, Atweh SF, Jabbur SJ and Saadé NE: Involvement of substance P, CGRP and histamine in the hyperalgesia and cytokine upregulation induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. J Neuroimmunol. 153:171–182. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Vergnolle N, Bunnett NW, Sharkey KA, Brussee V, Compton SJ, Grady EF, Cirino G, Gerard N, Basbaum AI, Andrade-Gordon P, et al: Proteinase-activated receptor-2 and hyperalgesia: A novel pain pathway. Nat Med. 7:821–826. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Meléndez GC, Li J, Law BA, Janicki JS, Supowit SC and Levick SP: Substance P induces adverse myocardial remodelling via a mechanism involving cardiac mast cells. Cardiovasc Res. 92:420–429. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Johnson MB, Young AD and Marriott I: The Therapeutic potential of targeting substance P/NK-1R interactions in inflammatory CNS disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 10:2962017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hua F, Ricketts BA, Reifsteck A, Ardell JL and Williams CA: Myocardial ischemia induces the release of substance P from cardiac afferent neurons in rat thoracic spinal cord. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 286:H1654–H1664. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Wang LL, Guo Z, Han Y, Wang PF, Zhang RL, Zhao YL, Zhao FP and Zhao XY: Implication of Substance P in myocardial contractile function during ischemia in rats. Regul Pept. 167:185–191. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Amadesi S, Reni C, Katare R, Meloni M, Oikawa A, Beltrami AP, Avolio E, Cesselli D, Fortunato O, Spinetti G, et al: Role for substance p-based nociceptive signaling in progenitor cell activation and angiogenesis during ischemia in mice and in human subjects. Circulation. 125:1774–1786, S1-S9. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Robinson P, Garza A, Moore J, Eckols TK, Parti S, Balaji V, Vallejo J and Tweardy DJ: Substance P is required for the pathogenesis of EMCV infection in mice. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2:76–86. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Mak IT, Chmielinska JJ, Kramer JH, Spurney CF and Weglicki WB: Loss of neutral endopeptidase activity contributes to neutrophil activation and cardiac dysfunction during chronic hypomagnesemia: Protection by substance P receptor blockade. Exp Clin Cardiol. 16:121–124. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Cury PR, Canavez F, de Araújo VC, Furuse C and de Araújo NS: Substance P regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res. 43:255–260. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zhu G, Wang X, Wu S, Li X and Li Q: Neuroprotective effects of puerarin on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson's disease model in mice. Phytother Res. 28:179–186. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Yang Y and Klionsky DJ: Autophagy and disease: Unanswered questions. Cell Death Differ. 27:858–871. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Levine B and Kroemer G: Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 132:27–42. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Wu X, Zhang N, Kan J, Tang S, Sun R, Wang Z, Chen M, Liu J and Jin C: Polyphenols from Arctium lappa L ameliorate doxorubicin-induced heart failure and improve gut microbiota composition in mice. J Food Biochem. Apr 17–2021.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Piao J, Park JS, Hwang DY, Son Y and Hong HS: Substance P blocks ovariectomy-induced bone loss by modulating inflammation and potentiating stem cell function. Aging (Albany NY). 12:20753–20777. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zhang Z, Song Z, Shen F, Xie P, Wang J, Zhu AS and Zhu G: Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents PTSD-like behaviors in mice through promoting synaptic proteins, reducing Kir4.1 and TNF-α in the hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol. 58:1550–1563. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Shen F, Song Z, Xie P, Li L, Wang B, Peng D and Zhu G: Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide prevents depression-like behaviors by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular and synaptic damage. J Ethnopharmacol. 275:1141642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Huang X, Qi Q, Hua X, Li X, Zhang W, Sun H, Li S, Wang X and Li B: Beclin 1, an autophagy-related gene, augments apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep. 31:1761–1767. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Runwal G, Stamatakou E, Siddiqi FH, Puri C, Zhu Y and Rubinsztein DC: LC3-positive structures are prominent in autophagy-deficient cells. Sci Rep. 9:101472019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wang Q and Zhang L, Yuan X, Ou Y, Zhu X, Cheng Z, Zhang P, Wu X, Meng Y and Zhang L: The Relationship between the Bcl-2/Bax proteins and the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into neurons. PLoS One. 11:e01633272016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wang X, Xu W, Chen H, Li W, Li W and Zhu G: Astragaloside IV prevents Abeta1–42 oligomers-induced memory impairment and hippocampal cell apoptosis by promoting PPARgamma/BDNF signaling pathway. Brain Res. 147041:20201747.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Korsmeyer SJ, Shutter JR, Veis DJ, Merry DE and Oltvai ZN: Bcl-2/Bax: A rheostat that regulates an anti-oxidant pathway and cell death. Semin Cancer Biol. 4:327–332. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Andreu-Fernández V, Sancho M, Genovés A, Lucendo E, Todt F, Lauterwasser J, Funk K, Jahreis G, Pérez-Payá E, Mingarro I, et al: Bax transmembrane domain interacts with prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins in biological membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 114:310–315. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Wu S, Cao J, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Wang K, Zhu G and Zhou M: Electroacupuncture ameliorates the coronary occlusion related tachycardia and hypotension in acute rat myocardial ischemia model: potential role of hippocampus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015:9259872015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Youle RJ and Narendra DP: Mechanisms of mitophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12:9–14. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Pagliarini V, Wirawan E, Romagnoli A, Ciccosanti F, Lisi G, Lippens S, Cecconi F, Fimia GM, Vandenabeele P, Corazzari M, et al: Proteolysis of Ambra1 during apoptosis has a role in the inhibition of the autophagic pro-survival response. Cell Death Differ. 19:1495–1504. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Mariño G, Niso-Santano M, Baehrecke EH and Kroemer G: Self-consumption: The interplay of autophagy and apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15:81–94. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Legi A, Rodriguez E, Eckols TK, Mistry C and Robinson P: Substance P antagonism prevents chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancers (Basel). 13:17322021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Robinson P, Kasembeli M, Bharadwaj U, Engineer N, Eckols KT, Tweardy DJ and Substance P: Substance P receptor signaling mediates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and triple-negative breast cancer chemoresistance. BioMed Res Int. 2016:19592702016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Dehlin HM and Levick SP: Substance P in heart failure: The good and the bad. Int J Cardiol. 170:270–277. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen F, Wan Q, Li Q, Fang J, Peng L and Hu J: Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence. Mol Med Rep 25: 50, 2022.
APA
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., & Hu, J. (2022). Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 50. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12566
MLA
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., Hu, J."Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.2 (2022): 50.
Chicago
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., Hu, J."Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 2 (2022): 50. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12566
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen F, Wan Q, Li Q, Fang J, Peng L and Hu J: Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence. Mol Med Rep 25: 50, 2022.
APA
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., & Hu, J. (2022). Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 50. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12566
MLA
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., Hu, J."Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.2 (2022): 50.
Chicago
Chen, F., Wan, Q., Li, Q., Fang, J., Peng, L., Hu, J."Substance P prevents doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy: <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> evidence". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 2 (2022): 50. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12566
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team