Gasotransmitters in the tumor microenvironment: Impacts on cancer chemotherapy (Review)

Salihi,Abbas; Salihi,Abbas; Al‑Naqshabandi,Mohammed A.; Al‑Naqshabandi,Mohammed A.; Khudhur,Zhikal Omar; Khudhur,Zhikal Omar; Housein,Zjwan; Housein,Zjwan; Hama,Harmand A.; Hama,Harmand A.; Abdullah,Ramyar M.; Abdullah,Ramyar M.; Hussen,Bashdar Mahmud; Hussen,Bashdar Mahmud; Alkasalias,Twana; Alkasalias,Twana

doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12749

Gasotransmitters in the tumor microenvironment: Impacts on cancer chemotherapy (Review)

Authors:
- Abbas Salihi
- Mohammed A. Al‑Naqshabandi
- Zhikal Omar Khudhur
- Zjwan Housein
- Harmand A. Hama
- Ramyar M. Abdullah
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Twana Alkasalias
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Affiliations: Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University‑Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq, Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Technical Health and Medical College, Erbil Polytechnique University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44002, Iraq, Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44002, Iraq, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44002, Iraq, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44002, Iraq, General Directorate of Scientific Research Center, Salahaddin University‑Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44002, Iraq
Published online on: May 25, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12749
Article Number: 233
Copyright: © Salihi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide are three endogenous gasotransmitters that serve a role in regulating normal and pathological cellular activities. They can stimulate or inhibit cancer cell proliferation and invasion, as well as interfere with cancer cell responses to drug treatments. Understanding the molecular pathways governing the interactions between these gases and the tumor microenvironment can be utilized for the identification of a novel technique to disrupt cancer cell interactions and may contribute to the conception of effective and safe cancer therapy strategies. The present review discusses the effects of these gases in modulating the action of chemotherapies, as well as prospective pharmacological and therapeutic interfering approaches. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin the cellular and pharmacological effects, as well as interactions, of each of the three gases could pave the way for therapeutic treatments and translational research.

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