Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
October-2022 Volume 26 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2022 Volume 26 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Wenxin Zhao
    • Feiyan Shen
    • Jixiang Yao
    • Shanshan Su
    • Zhongmin Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China, Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 318
    |
    Published online on: August 25, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12834
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Morphine is the most common drug of choice in clinical pain management; however, morphine tolerance presents a significant clinical challenge. The pathogenesis of morphine tolerance is known to be closely associated with angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) in microglia. As an AT1R antagonist, candesartan may serve an important role in regulating morphine tolerance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of candesartan in morphine tolerance, and to explore the underlying mechanism. To meet this aim, BV2 microglial cells were treated with morphine or candesartan alone, or as a combination, and the expression levels of AT1R in BV2 cells were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6 were subsequently detected by ELISA and western blotting. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis, western blotting and RT‑qPCR were used to detect the expression levels of the BV2 cell activation marker, ionized calcium‑binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA‑1). Western blotting was also used to detect the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ/AMP‑activated protein kinase (PPARγ/AMPK) signaling pathway‑associated proteins. Finally, the cells were treated with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and the AMPK inhibitor compound C to further explore the mechanism underlying the effects of candesartan on improving morphine tolerance. The expression levels of AT1R were revealed to be significantly increased following morphine induction; however, candesartan treatment inhibited the expression levels of AT1R, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the protein expression levels of IBA‑1 in morphine‑induced BV2 cells in a dose‑dependent manner. These processes may be associated with activation of the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study revealed that treatment with candesartan reduced morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via PPARγ/AMPK signaling.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Zhang TJ, Qiu Y and Hua Z: The emerging perspective of morphine tolerance: MicroRNAs. Pain Res Manag. 2019:94329652019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kornetsky C and Bain G: Morphine: Single-dose tolerance. Science. 162:1011–1012. 1968. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Schaefer CP, Tome ME and Davis TP: The opioid epidemic: A central role for the blood brain barrier in opioid analgesia and abuse. Fluids Barriers CNS. 14:322017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Martini L and Whistler JL: The role of mu opioid receptor desensitization and endocytosis in morphine tolerance and dependence. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17:556–564. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Huang M, Luo L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Dong J, Du W, Jiang W and Xu T: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 signalling induced NMDA receptor subunits alterations during the development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance in mouse cortex. Biomed Pharmacother. 110:717–726. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Jokinen V, Sidorova Y, Viisanen H, Suleymanova I, Tiilikainen H, Li Z, Lilius TO, Mätlik K, Anttila JE, Airavaara M, et al: Differential spinal and supraspinal activation of Glia in a rat model of morphine tolerance. Neuroscience. 375:10–24. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Eidson LN and Murphy AZ: Inflammatory mediators of opioid tolerance: Implications for dependency and addiction. Peptides. 115:51–58. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Lin CP and Lu DH: Role of neuroinflammation in opioid tolerance: Translational evidence from human-to-rodent studies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1099:125–139. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Berrios I, Castro C and Kuffler DP: Morphine: Axon regeneration, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity, tolerance, and neuropathic pain. P R Health Sci J. 27:119–128. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hutchinson MR, Coats BD, Lewis SS, Zhang Y, Sprunger DB, Rezvani N, Baker EM, Jekich BM, Wieseler JL, Somogyi AA, et al: Proinflammatory cytokines oppose opioid-induced acute and chronic analgesia. Brain Behav Immun. 22:1178–1189. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Miyoshi M, Miyano K, Moriyama N, Taniguchi M and Watanabe T: Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of rat microglial cells by suppressing nuclear factor kappaB and activator protein-1 activation. Eur J Neurosci. 27:343–351. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chappell MC: Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: The good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 310:H137–H152. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ji J, Tao P and He L: Kangxianling decoction prevents renal fibrosis in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy and inhibits Ang II-induced ECM production in glomerular mesangial cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 139:367–372. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Lanciego JL and Guerra MJ: Brain renin-angiotensin system and microglial polarization: Implications for aging and neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci. 9:1292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Rodriguez-Perez AI, Borrajo A, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Guerra MJ and Labandeira-Garcia JL: Interaction between NADPH-oxidase and Rho-kinase in angiotensin II-induced microglial activation. Glia. 63:466–482. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Joglar B, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Rey P, Guerra MJ and Labandeira-Garcia JL: The inflammatory response in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease is mediated by brain angiotensin: Relevance to progression of the disease. J Neurochem. 109:656–669. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Rey P, Lopez-Real A, Sanchez-Iglesias S, Muñoz A, Soto-Otero R and Labandeira-Garcia JL: Angiotensin type-1-receptor antagonists reduce 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity for dopaminergic neurons. Neurobiol Aging. 28:555–567. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Rodriguez-Pallares J, Rey P, Parga JA, Muñoz A, Guerra MJ and Labandeira-Garcia JL: Brain angiotensin enhances dopaminergic cell death via microglial activation and NADPH-derived ROS. Neurobiol Dis. 31:58–73. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Bulsara KG and Makaryus AN: Candesartan. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022

20 

Qie S, Ran Y, Lu X, Su W, Li W, Xi J, Gong W and Liu Z: Candesartan modulates microglia activation and polarization via NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 34:20587384209749002020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Timaru-Kast R, Gotthardt P, Luh C, Huang C, Hummel R, Schäfer MKE and Thal SC: Angiotensin II receptor 1 blockage limits brain damage and improves functional outcome after brain injury in aged animals despite age-dependent reduction in AT1 Expression. Front Aging Neurosci. 11:632019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wang L, Yin C, Xu X, Liu T, Wang B, Abdul M, Zhou Y, Cao J and Lu C: Pellino1 contributes to morphine tolerance by microglia activation via MAPK signaling in the spinal cord of mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 40:1117–1131. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Torika N, Asraf K, Apte RN and Fleisher-Berkovich S: Candesartan ameliorates brain inflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 24:231–242. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Stein C: New concepts in opioid analgesia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 27:765–775. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sverrisdottir E, Lund TM, Olesen AE, Drewes AM, Christrup LL and Kreilgaard M: A review of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide's pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in experimental and clinical pain. Eur J Pharm Sci. 74:45–62. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Mercadante S, Arcuri E and Santoni A: Opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. CNS Drugs. 33:943–955. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Selfridge BR, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yin H, Grace PM, Watkins LR, Jacobson AE and Rice KC: Structure-activity relationships of (+)-naltrexone-inspired toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists. J Med Chem. 58:5038–5052. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hickman SE, el Khoury J, Greenberg S, Schieren I and Silverstein SC: P2Z adenosine triphosphate receptor activity in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages. Blood. 84:2452–2456. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lim KH and Staudt LM: Toll-like receptor signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 5:a0112472013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Bernier LP: Purinergic regulation of inflammasome activation after central nervous system injury. J Gen Physiol. 140:571–575. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Eidson LN and Murphy AZ: Blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 attenuates morphine tolerance and facilitates the pain relieving properties of morphine. J Neurosci. 33:15952–15963. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Wang H, Huang M, Wang W, Zhang Y, Ma X, Luo L, Xu X, Xu L, Shi H, Xu Y, et al: Microglial TLR4-induced TAK1 phosphorylation and NLRP3 activation mediates neuroinflammation and contributes to chronic morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance. Pharmacol Res. 165:1054822021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma X, Wang W, Xu X, Huang M, Xu L, Shi H, Yuan T, Jiang W, et al: Spinal TLR4/P2X7 receptor-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the development of tolerance to morphine-induced antinociception. J Inflamm Res. 13:571–582. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Biancardi VC, Stranahan AM, Krause EG, de Kloet AD and Stern JE: Cross talk between AT1 receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 in microglia contributes to angiotensin II-derived ROS production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 310:H404–H415. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Sun H, Wu H, Yu X, Zhang G, Zhang R, Zhan S, Wang H, Bu N, Ma X and Li Y: Angiotensin II and its receptor in activated microglia enhanced neuronal loss and cognitive impairment following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Mol Cell Neurosci. 65:58–67. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garrido-Gil P, Pedrosa MA, Garcia-Garrote M, Valenzuela R, Navarro G, Franco R and Labandeira-Garcia JL: Angiotensin type 2 receptors: Role in aging and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra. Brain Behav Immun. 87:256–271. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Chandel N, Sharma B, Salhan D, Husain M, Malhotra A, Buch S and Singhal PC: Vitamin D receptor activation and downregulation of renin-angiotensin system attenuate morphine-induced T cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 303:C607–C615. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bhat SA, Goel R, Shukla R and Hanif K: Angiotensin receptor blockade modulates NFκB and STAT3 signaling and inhibits glial activation and neuroinflammation better than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Mol Neurobiol. 53:6950–6967. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Tiyerili V, Becher UM, Aksoy A, Lütjohann D, Wassmann S, Nickenig G and Mueller CF: AT1-receptor-deficiency induced atheroprotection in diabetic mice is partially mediated via PPARγ. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 12:302013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Scuppa G, Stopponi S, Demopulos G, Gaitanaris G and Ciccocioppo R: Analgesic tolerance to morphine is regulated by PPARγ. Br J Pharmacol. 171:5407–5416. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ghavimi H, Hassanzadeh K, Maleki-Dizaji N, Azarfardian A, Ghasami S, Zolali E and Charkhpour M: Pioglitazone prevents morphine antinociception tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 387:811–821. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Xu X, Wang Y, Wei Z, Wei W, Zhao P, Tong B, Xia Y and Dai Y: Madecassic acid, the contributor to the anti-colitis effect of madecassoside, enhances the shift of Th17 toward Treg cells via the PPARγ/AMPK/ACC1 pathway. Cell Death Dis. 8:e27232017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Huang H, Wang ZJ, Zhang HB, Liang JX, Cao WD, Wu Q, He CP and Chen C: The function of PPARγ/AMPK/SIRT-1 pathway in inflammatory response of human articular chondrocytes stimulated by advanced glycation end products. Biol Pharm Bull. 42:1303–1309. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Chao YM, Wu KLH, Tsai PC, Tain YL, Leu S, Lee WC and Chan JYH: Anomalous AMPK-regulated angiotensin AT1R expression and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis at RVLM in hypertension programming of offspring to maternal high fructose exposure. J Biomed Sci. 27:682020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhao Y, Shang F, Shi W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu X, Li B, Hu X and Wang L: Angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists modulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via AMPK/mTOR. Cardiology. 143:1–10. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Shu S, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang L, Wu Y, Yuan Z and Zhou J: The role of monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) in angiotensin II-induced macrophage apoptosis and vulnerable plaque formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 515:378–385. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Zhang Y, Tao GJ, Hu L, Qu J, Han Y, Zhang G, Qian Y, Jiang CY and Liu WT: Lidocaine alleviates morphine tolerance via AMPK-SOCS3-dependent neuroinflammation suppression in the spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation. 14:2112017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhao W, Shen F, Yao J, Su S and Zhao Z: Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 26: 318, 2022.
APA
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 26, 318. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12834
MLA
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., Zhao, Z."Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 26.4 (2022): 318.
Chicago
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., Zhao, Z."Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 26, no. 4 (2022): 318. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12834
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhao W, Shen F, Yao J, Su S and Zhao Z: Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 26: 318, 2022.
APA
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 26, 318. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12834
MLA
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., Zhao, Z."Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 26.4 (2022): 318.
Chicago
Zhao, W., Shen, F., Yao, J., Su, S., Zhao, Z."Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 26, no. 4 (2022): 318. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12834
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team