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Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jinglin Hu
    • Cuicui Feng
    • Lingbo He
    • Yini Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hematology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China, Department of General Practice, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 213
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    Published online on: May 26, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13578
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Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is used to treat hematological malignancy. However, it carries the risk of life‑threatening inflammatory toxicity, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and CAR T cell‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (CARHLH). CRS is a common side effect of CAR T cell therapy, with fever and multiorgan functional impairment as the primary clinical manifestation. CARHLH and CRS have similar clinical manifestations. However, CARHLH is associated with a high mortality rate. CARHLH was previously considered a specific type of CRS, however, it must be promptly differentiated from CRS for treatment initiation, with management differing from that of CRS. The pathogenesis of CARHLH differs from that of CRS. The present review aimed to summarize the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CARHLH to assist in its early identification and management.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hu J, Feng C, He L and Wang Y: Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review). Mol Med Rep 32: 213, 2025.
APA
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., & Wang, Y. (2025). Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13578
MLA
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., Wang, Y."Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.2 (2025): 213.
Chicago
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., Wang, Y."Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 2 (2025): 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13578
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hu J, Feng C, He L and Wang Y: Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review). Mol Med Rep 32: 213, 2025.
APA
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., & Wang, Y. (2025). Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13578
MLA
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., Wang, Y."Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.2 (2025): 213.
Chicago
Hu, J., Feng, C., He, L., Wang, Y."Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy‑associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management compared with cytokine release syndrome (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 2 (2025): 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13578
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