Advances in MCFA to ameliorate lipoatrophic hepatocyte injury and lipid metabolism disorders (Review)
- Authors:
- Haibo Xu
- Baogui Wang
- Qi Wang
- Chunlong Sun
- Wen Du
-
Affiliations: School of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong Women's University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Aviation, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Aviation, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China - Published online on: June 10, 2025 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13593
- Article Number: 227
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
 |
|
Hengpratom T, Kupittayanant S, Churproong S and Eumkeb G: Lipid-lowering effect of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz extract in hyperlipidemic mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 12:148–155. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Masood B and Moorthy M: Causes of obesity: A review. Clin Med (Lond). 23:284–291. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Henderson DC, Cagliero E, Gray C, Nasrallah RA, Hayden DL, Schoenfeld DA and Goff DC: Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities: A five-year naturalistic study. Am J Psychiatry. 157:975–981. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Aggarwal S and Pandey K: Early identification of PCOS with commonly known diseases: Obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease using machine learning techniques. Expert Syst Appl. 217:1195322023. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Jin X, Qiu T, Li L, Yu R, Chen X, Li C, Proud CG and Jiang T: Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B. 13:2403–2424. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fabbrini E and Magkos F: Obesity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In: Treatment of the Obese Patient. Springer; Heidelberg: pp. 121–135. 2014 | |
|
Quek J, Chan KE, Wong ZY, Tan C, Tan B, Lim WH, Tan DJH, Tang ASP, Tay P, Xiao J, et al: Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:20–30. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Parra-Landazury NM, Cordova-Gallardo J and Méndez-Sánchez N: Obesity and gallstones. Visc Med. 37:394–402. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mohajan D and Mohajan HK: Obesity and its related diseases: A new escalating alarming in global health. J Innov Med Res. 2:12–23. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Organization WH Obesity, . Preventing and managing the global epidemic Report of a WHO Consultation. 2000. | |
|
American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 37 (Suppl 1):S81–S90. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tarantino G, Finelli C, Scopacasa F, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, Capone D and Savastano S: Circulating levels of sirtuin 4, a potential marker of oxidative metabolism, related to coronary artery disease in obese patients suffering from NAFLD, with normal or slightly increased liver enzymes. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:9206762014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia V, Topiwala S and Mohanty P: Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Mol Med. 8:816–828. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li X, Liu Q, Pan Y, Chen S, Zhao Y and Hu Y: New insights into the role of dietary triglyceride absorption in obesity and metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol. 14:10978352023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Alcantara JMA, Sanchez-Delgado G, Jurado-Fasoli L, Galgani JE, Labayen I and Ruiz JR: Reproducibility of the energy metabolism response to an oral glucose tolerance test: Influence of a postcalorimetric correction procedure. Eur J Nutr. 62:351–361. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powell EE, Wong VW and Rinella M: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet. 397:2212–2224. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mitra S, De A and Chowdhury A: Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5:162020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Targher G, Tilg H and Byrne CD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6:578–588. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Francque SM, Marchesini G, Kautz A, Walmsley M, Dorner R, Lazarus JV, Zelber-Sagi S, Hallsworth K, Busetto L, Frühbeck G, et al: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Rep. 3:1003222021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Stefan N and Cusi K: A global view of the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10:284–296. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bandyopadhyay S, Samajdar SS and Das S: Effects of saroglitazar in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 47:1021742023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Trevisani F, Frigerio M, Santi V, Grignaschi A and Bernardi M: Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver: A reappraisal. Dig Liver Dis. 42:341–347. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Day CP and James OF: Steatohepatitis: A tale of two ‘hits’? Gastroenterology. 114:842–845. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Peiseler M, Schwabe R, Hampe J, Kubes P, Heikenwälder M and Tacke F: Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease-novel insights into cellular communication circuits. J Hepatol. 77:1136–1160. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J and Li H: Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 152:116–141. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wang Y, Xu H, Liu X, Wei W, Jin Q and Wang X: The structure of triglycerides impacts the digestibility and bioaccessibility of nutritional lipids during in vitro simulated digestion. Food Chem. 418:1359472023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Watanabe S and Tsujino S: Applications of medium-chain triglycerides in foods. Front Nutr. 9:8028052022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nosaka N, Tsujino S, Honda K, Suemitsu H, Kato K and Kondo K: Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides on substrate oxidation during aerobic exercise could depend on sex difference in middle-aged sedentary persons. Nutrients. 13:362020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Abbeddou S, Jimenez EY, Hess SY, Somé JW, Ouédraogo JB and Brown KH: Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements, with or without added zinc, do not cause excessive fat deposition in Burkinabe children: Results from a cluster-randomized community trial. Eur J Nutr. 61:4107–4120. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lehner F, Demmelmair H, Röschinger W, Decsi T, Szász M, Adamovich K, Arnecke R and Koletzko B: Metabolic effects of intravenous LCT or MCT/LCT lipid emulsions in preterm infants. J Lipid Res. 47:404–411. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Delafosse B, Viale JP, Pachiaudi C, Normand S, Goudable J, Bouffard Y, Annat G and Bertrand O: Long-and medium-chain triglycerides during parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Am J Physiol. 272:E550–E555. 1997.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sengupta A and Ghosh M: Hypolipidemic effect of mustard oil enriched with medium chain fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Nutrition. 27:1183–1193. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shinohara H, Ogawa A, Kasai M and Aoyama T: Effect of randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium-and long-chain fatty acids on energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 69:1811–1818. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Han J, Hamilton JA, Kirkland JL, Corkey BE and Guo W: Medium-chain oil reduces fat mass and down-regulates expression of adipogenic genes in rats. Obes Res. 11:734–744. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wein S, Wolffram S, Schrezenmeir J, Gasperiková D, Klimes I and Seböková E: Medium-chain fatty acids ameliorate insulin resistance caused by high-fat diets in rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 25:185–194. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bourque C, St-Onge MP, Papamandjaris AA, Cohn JS and Jones PJ: Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and N-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women. Metabolism. 52:771–777. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang LX, Li CX, Kakar MU, Khan MS, Wu PF, Amir RM, Dai DF, Naveed M, Li QY, Saeed M, et al: Resveratrol (RV): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomed Pharmacother. 143:1121642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
St-Onge MP and Bosarge A: Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 87:621–626. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wollin SD, Wang Y, Kubow S and Jones PJ: Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and alpha-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster. J Nutr Biochem. 15:402–410. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hill JO, Peters JC, Swift LL, Yang D, Sharp T, Abumrad N and Greene HL: Changes in blood lipids during six days of overfeeding with medium or long chain triglycerides. J Lipid Res. 31:407–416. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ruiz-Sanz J, Aldamiz-Echevarria L, Arrizabalaga J, Aquino L, Jimeno P, Pérez-Nanclares G and Sanjurjo P: Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency during dietary treatment of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Rescue with soybean oil. J Inherit Metab Dis. 24:493–503. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Staab CA, Hellgren M, Grafström RC and Höög JO: Medium-chain fatty acids and glutathione derivatives as inhibitors of S-nitrosoglutathione reduction mediated by alcohol dehydrogenase 3. Chem Biol Interact. 180:113–118. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Matulka RA, Thompson DV and Burdock GA: Lack of toxicity by medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in canines during a 90-day feeding study. Food Chem Toxicol. 47:35–39. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kaunitz H, Slanetz CA, Johnson RE, Babayan VK and Barsky G: Nutritional properties of the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids of medium chain-length. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 35:10–13. 1958. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kaunitz H, Slanetz CA, Johnson RE and Babayan VK: Interrelations of linoleic acid with medium-chain and long-chain saturated triglycerides. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 36:322–325. 1959. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bionaz M, Thering BJ and Loor JJ: Fine metabolic regulation in ruminants via nutrient-gene interactions: Saturated long-chain fatty acids increase expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune response partly through PPAR-α activation. Br J Nutr. 107:179–191. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wang B, Li L, Fu J, Yu P, Gong D, Zeng C and Zeng Z: Effects of long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids on apoptosis and oxidative stress in human liver cells with steatosis. J Food Sci. 81:H794–H800. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Geng S, Zhu W, Xie C, Li X, Wu J, Liang Z, Xie W, Zhu J, Huang C, Zhu M, et al: Medium-chain triglyceride ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Eur J Nutr. 55:931–940. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Qin H: Influence of lipofundin vs intralipid on surgical patients with liver diseases. Chin J Clin Nutr. 7:129–132. 1999.(In Chinese). | |
|
Li Z, Zhang L and Wang W: Olive oil-containing fat emulsion in postoperative parenteral nutrition of patients with esophageal cancer. Chin J Clin Nutr. 19:2011.(In Chinese). | |
|
Zhu M, Wei J, Cao J, Zhao X, Tang D and Surg YCJCJG: Comparison of nutrition treatment between MCT and LCT in postoperative elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumor. Chin J Gastrointest Surg. 5:180–182. 2002. | |
|
Wang PX, Ji YX, Zhang XJ, Zhao LP, Yan ZZ, Zhang P, Shen LJ, Yang X, Fang J, Tian S, et al: Targeting CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and nonhuman primates. Nat Med. 23:439–449. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chen L, Li D, Zhan Z, Quan J, Peng J, Huang Z and Yi B: Sirtuin 2 exacerbates renal tubule injury and inflammation in diabetic mice via deacetylation of c-Jun/c-Fos. Cell Mol Life Sci. 82:452025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xiao J, Moon M, Yan L, Nian M, Zhang Y, Liu C, Lu J, Guan H, Chen M, Jiang D, et al: Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein protects against cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol. 107:2392012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cha SI, Groshong SD, Frankel SK, Edelman BL, Cosgrove GP, Terry-Powers JL, Remigio LK, Curran-Everett D, Brown KK, Cool CD and Riches DW: Compartmentalized expression of c-FLIP in lung tissues of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 42:140–148. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kim MS, Yoon CY, Jang PG, Park YJ, Shin CS, Park HS, Ryu JW, Pak YK, Park JY, Lee KU, et al: The mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of ghrelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 18:2291–2301. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Singh R, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Tanaka KE, Gaarde WA and Czaja MJ: Differential effects of JNK1 and JNK2 inhibition on murine steatohepatitis and insulin resistance. Hepatology. 49:87–96. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang R, Al-Lamki R, Bai L, Streb JW, Miano JM, Bradley J and Min W: Thioredoxin-2 inhibits mitochondria-located ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a JNK-independent manner. Circ Res. 94:1483–1491. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Han A: Hepatic steatosis assessment: Harnessing the power of integrating multiple quantitative US parameters. Radiology. 39:e2324752023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I and Voumvouraki A: Iron as a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 29:616–655. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chardigny JM, Hasselwander O, Genty M, Kraemer K, Ptock A and Sébédio JL: Effect of conjugated FA on feed intake, body composition, and liver FA in mice. Lipids. 38:895–902. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wei Y, Wang D, Topczewski F and Pagliassotti MJ: Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis independently of ceramide in liver cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 291:E275–E281. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cai N, Zhao X, Jing Y, Sun K, Jiao S, Chen X, Yang H, Zhou Y and Wei L: Autophagy protects against palmitate-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Cell Biosci. 4:282014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ohue-Kitano R, Nonaka H, Nishida A, Masujima Y, Takahashi D, Ikeda T, Uwamizu A, Tanaka M, Kohjima M, Igarashi M, et al: Medium-chain fatty acids suppress lipotoxicity-induced hepatic fibrosis via the immunomodulating receptor GPR84. JCI Insight. 8:e1654692023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zeng X, Zhu M, Liu X, Chen X, Yuan Y, Li L, Liu J, Lu Y, Cheng J and Chen Y: Oleic acid ameliorates palmitic acid induced hepatocellular lipotoxicity by inhibition of ER stress and pyroptosis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 17:112020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Roopashree PG, Shetty SS and Kumari NS: Effect of medium chain fatty acid in human health and disease. J Funct Foods. 87:1047242021. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lin KT, Xue JY, Nomen M, Spur B and Wong PY: Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 270:16487–16490. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bauer G: Increasing the endogenous NO level causes catalase inactivation and reactivation of intercellular apoptosis signaling specifically in tumor cells. Redox Biol. 6:353–371. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Pereira S, Park E, Mori Y, Haber CA, Han P, Uchida T, Stavar L, Oprescu AI, Koulajian K, Ivovic A, et al: FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo is mediated by PKCδ, NADPH oxidase, and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 307:E34–E46. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Subramaiyam N: Insights of mitochondrial involvement in alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cell Physiol. 238:2175–2190. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Murayama K, Fukui T, Kushibiki S, Sakamoto K, Inouchi K and Sugino T: Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and tributyrin supplementation in milk replacers on growth performance, blood metabolites, and hormone concentrations in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci. 106:4599–4607. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Listenberger LL, Ory DS and Schaffer JE: Palmitate-induced apoptosis can occur through a ceramide-independent pathway. J Biol Chem. 276:14890–14895. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shimabukuro M, Zhou YT, Levi M and Unger RH: Fatty acid-induced beta cell apoptosis: A link between obesity and diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:2498–2502. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Taheripak G, Bakhtiyari S, Rajabibazl M and Pasalar P: Meshkani RJFRB and Medicine: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition ameliorates palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 65:1435–1446. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sparagna GC, Hickson-Bick DL, Buja LM and McMillin JB: Fatty acid-induced apoptosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes: Redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 3:71–79. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wang D, Wei Y and Pagliassotti MJ: Saturated fatty acids promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury in rats with hepatic steatosis. Endocrinology. 147:943–951. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Malhi H, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW and Gores GJ: Free fatty acids induce JNK-dependent hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem. 281:12093–12101. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sokol RJ, Devereaux M, Khandwala R and O'Brien K: Evidence for involvement of oxygen free radicals in bile acid toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatology. 17:869–881. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ozer MK, Parlakpinar H, Cigremis Y, Ucar M, Vardi N and Acet A: Ischemia-reperfusion leads to depletion of glutathione content and augmentation of malondialdehyde production in the rat heart from overproduction of oxidants: Can caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protect the heart? Mol Cell Biochem. 273:169–175. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Rabilloud T, Heller M, Gasnier F, Luche S, Rey C, Aebersold R, Benahmed M, Louisot P and Lunardi J: Proteomics analysis of cellular response to oxidative stress: Evidence for in vivo overoxidation of peroxiredoxins at their active site. J Biol Chem. 277:19396–19401. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Day CP and James OF: Hepatic steatosis: Innocent bystander or guilty party? Hepatology. 27:1463–1466. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cazanave SC, Mott JL, Elmi NA, Bronk SF, Masuoka HC, Charlton MR and Gores GJ: A role for miR-296 in the regulation of lipoapoptosis by targeting PUMA. J Lipid Res. 52:1517–1525. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hoffmann L, Seibt A, Herebian D and Spiekerkoetter U: Monounsaturated 14: 1n-9 and 16: 1n-9 fatty acids but not 18: 1n-9 induce apoptosis and necrosis in murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Lipids. 49:25–37. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fauser JK, Matthews GM, Cummins AG and Howarth GS: Induction of apoptosis by the medium-chain length fatty acid lauric acid in colon cancer cells due to induction of oxidative stress. Chemotherapy. 59:214–224. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
He X, Wang J, Sun L, Ma W, Li M, Yu S, Zhou Q and Jiang J: Wogonin attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis by inhibiting Akt/NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Cell Stress Chaperones. 28:989–999. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xiong Y, Wang J, Wang S, Li H and Zhou X: Tryptanthrin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress via NF-κB/MAPK/Nrf2 pathways. J Nat Med. 77:188–201. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Halliwell B: Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 16:33–50. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shrake A, Finlayson JS and Ross PD: Thermal stability of human albumin measured by differential scanning calorimetry I. Effects of caprylate and N-acetyltryptophanate. Vox Sang. 47:7–18. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Amir Aslani B and Ghobadi S: Studies on oxidants and antioxidants with a brief glance at their relevance to the immune system. Life Sci. 146:163–173. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Olefsky JM and Glass CK: Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol. 72:219–246. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tomita K, Tamiya G, Ando S, Ohsumi K, Chiyo T, Mizutani A, Kitamura N, Toda K, Kaneko T, Horie Y, et al: Tumour necrosis factor α signalling through activation of Kupffer cells plays an essential role in liver fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Gut. 55:415–424. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shu G, Dai C, Yusuf A, Sun H and Deng X: Limonin relieves TGF-β-induced hepatocyte EMT and hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice via upregulating Smad7 and subsequent suppression of TGF-β/Smad cascade. J Nutr Biochem. 107:1090392022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Carrieri P, Mourad A, Marcellin F, Trylesinski A, Calleja JL, Protopopescu C and Lazarus JV: Knowledge of liver fibrosis stage among adults with NAFLD/NASH improves adherence to lifestyle changes. Liver Int. 42:984–994. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Guo HY, Liu B, Yang JW, Jiang SG and Zhang DC: Characterization, functional analysis and antibacterial activities of theromacin from the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Isr J Aquac. Bamidgeh. Dec 25–2021.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ajuwon KM and Spurlock ME: Palmitate activates the NF-kappaB transcription factor and induces IL-6 and TNFα expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr. 135:1841–1846. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xia J, Wang Z, Yu P, Yan X, Zhao J, Zhang G, Gong D and Zeng Z: Effect of different medium-chain triglycerides on glucose metabolism in high-fat-diet induced obese rats. Foods. 13:2412024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Puengel T, De Vos S, Hundertmark J, Kohlhepp M, Guldiken N, Pujuguet P, Auberval M, Marsais F, Shoji KF, Saniere L, et al: The medium-chain fatty acid receptor GPR84 mediates myeloid cell infiltration promoting steatohepatitis and fibrosis. J Clin Med. 9:11402020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
de Castro UG, dos Santos RA, Silva ME, de Lima WG, Campagnole-Santos MJ and Alzamora AC: Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats. Lipids Health Dis. 12:1362013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Silva V, Faria HOF, Sousa-Filho CPB, de Alvarenga JFR, Fiamoncini J and Otton R: Thermoneutrality or standard temperature: Is there an ideal housing temperature to study the antisteatotic effects of green tea in obese mice? J Nutr Biochem. 120:1094112023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Hou Y, Zhang Z, Cui Y, Peng C, Fan Y, Tan C, Wang Q, Liu Z and Gong J: Pu-erh tea and theabrownin ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice via potential microbiota-gut-liver-brain interactions. Food Res Int. 162:1121762022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang X, Zhao L, Christopher CN, Tabung FK, Bao W, Garcia DO, Shadyab AH, Saquib N, Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF and Zhang X: Association of dietary insulinemic and inflammatory potential with risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality in postmenopausal women: A prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 118:530–537. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Throsby KJ: The war on obesity as a moral project: Weight loss drugs, obesity surgery and negotiating failure. Science as Culture. 18:201–216. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Marchesini G, Moscatiello S, Di Domizio S and Forlani G: Obesity-associated liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 (Suppl 1):S74–S80. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kelner K and Helmuth LJS: Obesity-what is to be done? American Association for the Advancement of Science. Science. 845. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gura T: Obesity drug pipeline not so fat. Science. 299:849–852. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Papamandjaris AA, MacDougall DE and Jones PJ: Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: Obesity treatment implications. Life Sci. 62:1203–1215. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Babayan VK: Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids. 22:417–420. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sato K, Cho Y, Tachibana S, Chiba T, Schneider WJ and Akiba Y: Impairment of VLDL secretion by medium-chain fatty acids in chicken primary hepatocytes is affected by the chain length. J Nutr. 135:1636–1641. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shinohara H, Wu J, Kasai M and Aoyama T: Randomly interesterified triacylglycerol containing medium-and long-chain fatty acids stimulates fatty acid metabolism in white adipose tissue of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 70:2919–2926. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhao B, Luo C, Zhang M, Xing F, Luo S, Fu S and Sun X: Knockdown of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inhibits fatty acid oxidation and reduces very low density lipoprotein assembly and secretion in calf hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci. 103:10728–10741. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Xue C, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Yu X, Jing H, et al: Consumption of medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 63:879–886. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Matsuo T and Takeuchi H: Effects of structured medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols in diets with various levels of fat on body fat accumulation in rats. Br J Nutr. 91:219–225. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ferreira L, Lisenko K, Barros B, Zangeronimo M, Pereira L and Sousa R: Influence of medium-chain triglycerides on consumption and weight gain in rats: A systematic review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 98:1–8. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
McKenzie KM, Lee CM, Mijatovic J, Haghighi MM and Skilton MR: Medium-chain triglyceride oil and blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Nutr. 151:2949–2956. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lee YY, Tang TK, Chan ES, Phuah ET, Lai OM, Tan CP, Wang Y, Ab Karim NA, Mat Dian NH and Tan JS: Medium chain triglyceride and medium-and long chain triglyceride: metabolism, production, health impacts and its applications-a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 62:4169–4185. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Du YX, Chen SN, Zhu HL, Niu X, Li J, Fan YW and Deng ZY: Consumption of interesterified medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols improves lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. J Agric Food Chem. 68:8255–8262. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Deng QG, She H, Cheng JH, French SW, Koop DR, Xiong S and Tsukamoto H: Steatohepatitis induced by intragastric overfeeding in mice. Hepatology. 42:905–914. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu YH, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Yu XM, Zhang XS, Wang J, Xue C, Yang XY, Zhang RX and Xue CY: Increased norepinephrine by medium-chain triglyceride attributable to lipolysis in white and brown adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 76:1213–1218. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Haemmerle G, Zimmermann R and Zechner R: Letting lipids go: Hormone-sensitive lipase. Curr Opin Lipidol. 14:289–297. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu Y, Xue C, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Yu X, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang R, Gong X and Guo C: Triglyceride with medium-chain fatty acids increases the activity and expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in white adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 75:1939–1944. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Clouston AD, Jonsson JR and Powell EE: Steatosis as a cofactor in other liver diseases: Hepatitis C virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis, and others. Clin Liver Dis. 11:173–189. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Powell EE, Jonsson JR and Clouston AD: Steatosis: Co-factor in other liver diseases. Hepatology. 42:5–13. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li Q, Zhong W, Qiu Y, Kang X, Sun X, Tan X, Zhao Y, Sun X, Jia W and Zhou Z: Preservation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α contributes to the beneficial effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride on alcohol-induced hepatic lipid dyshomeostasis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 37:587–598. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhao X: Effect of high fat and high sugar diet on mouse liver redox status. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Research and Applications. 6–9. 2020. | |
|
Gerrard SD, Yonke JA, McMillan RP, Sunny NE and El-Kadi SW: Medium-chain fatty acid feeding reduces oxidation and causes panacinar steatosis in livers of neonatal pigs. J Nutr. 154:908–920. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dauksiene A, Ruzauskas M, Gruzauskas R, Zavistanaviciute P, Starkute V, Lele V, Klupsaite D, Klementaviciute J and Bartkiene E: A comparison study of the caecum microbial profiles, productivity and production quality of broiler chickens fed supplements based on medium chain fatty and organic acids. Animals (Basel). 11:6102021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lehr L, Canola K, Léger B and Giacobino JP: Differentiation and characterization in primary culture of white adipose tissue brown adipocyte-like cells. Int J Obes (Lond). 33:680–686. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |
