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Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen

  • Authors:
    • Yin Yuan
    • Xiaojing Liu
    • Tian Zhou
    • Zhongguang Zhou
    • Minghai Gong
    • Yihang Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Testing Center, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan 666100, P.R. China, Department of Rehabilitation and Tuina, Liu Xin Sinew and Bone Health Center, Aksu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 843003, P.R. China, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China, College of Medicine, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 843300, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 234
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    Published online on: June 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13599
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Abstract

Liver fibrosis (LF) is a liver condition that represents a serious health risk to humans, and effective therapeutic options are limited. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP), derived from the roots of P. sibiricum Red, has been demonstrated to exert anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial effects. However, its potential therapeutic impact on LF remains unexplored. In the present study, LF model rats were established through subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride combined with a high‑fat diet and alcohol administration. Following the induction of fibrosis, rats in the PSP and Biejia ruangan (BJRG) treatment groups received daily intragastric doses of PSP and BJRG, respectively, for a duration of 4 weeks. The control and model groups were administered an equivalent volume of water. Liver function was evaluated through biochemical analyses, whereas hepatopathological alterations were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were quantified using ELISA. Hepatic collagen synthesis and degradation were examined using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the expression of genes and proteins associated with the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway were analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results indicated that PSP exerts anti‑fibrotic effects, primarily through anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, PSP appeared to promote the degradation and inhibit the synthesis of hepatic collagen fibers, potentially through modulation of the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway.
View Figures

Figure 1

PSP has an anti-LF effect. (A)
Workflow chart of the experiment used to assess the anti-LF effects
of PSP. (B) Images of the liver. (C) Body weight of rats at end of
the experiment. (D) Liver weight. (E) Liver index. Serum
biochemical analyses of (F) ALT, (G) AST, (H) ALP and (I) TBIL,
assessing liver function. Serum biochemical analyses of (J) TC and
(K) TG, assessing blood lipid. Data are presented as the mean ±
standard deviation, n=6. ###P<0.001 vs. the control
group; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. the model group. ALP,
alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate
transaminase; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; H, high; L,
low; LF, liver fibrosis; PSP, Polygonatum sibiricum
polysaccharide; TBIL, total bilirubin; TC, total cholesterol; TG,
triglyceride.

Figure 2

PSP attenuates hepatic pathological
structural changes presented by rats with liver fibrosis. (A)
H&E staining and (B) Masson's trichrome staining were performed
to observe the liver tissue structure; scale bar, 20 µm. (C) Liver
collagen fiber deposition ratio. (D) Hepatic METAVIR scores. Data
are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, n=6.
###P<0.001 vs. the control group; *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the model group. BJRG, Biejia
ruangan; H, high; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; METAVIR,
Histological Data in Viral Hepatitis; L, low; PSP, Polygonatum
sibiricum polysaccharide.

Figure 3

PSP inhibits hepatic collagen
production in liver fibrosis-induced rats. Detection of the liver
fibrosis markers (A) HA, (B) LN, (C) PIIINP and (D) Col IV in serum
samples was performed by ELISA. (E) Expression levels of Col I and
Col III in the liver were detected by immunohistochemistry; scale
bar, 20 µm. Semi-quantification of (F) Col I and (G) Col III. ELISA
was used to detect the levels of (H) Col I and (I) Col III in liver
tissue. (J) Levels of Hyp in the liver tissues were detected by
ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, n=6.
###P<0.001 vs. the control group; *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the model group. BJRG, Biejia
ruangan; Col, collagen; H, high; HA, hyaluronic acid; Hyp,
hydroxyproline; L, low; LN, laminin; PIIINP, procollagen III
N-terminal peptide; PSP, Polygonatum sibiricum
polysaccharide.

Figure 4

PSP promotes hepatic collagen fiber
breakdown in liver fibrosis model rats. (A) Expression levels of
MMP2 and MMP9 in the liver were assessed using
immunohistochemistry; scale bar, 20 µm. Relative expression levels
of (B) MMP2 and (C) MMP9. Data are presented as the mean ± standard
deviation, n=6. ###P<0.001 vs. the control group;
***P<0.001 vs. the model group. BJRG, Biejia ruangan; H, high;
L, low; PSP, Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide.

Figure 5

PSP attenuates inflammatory response
and oxidative stress in liver fibrosis model rats. Levels of (A)
IL-1β, (B) TNF-α (C) and IL-10 in the serum were analyzed by ELISA.
Detection of serum levels of (D) SOD, (E) MDA (F) and GSH-PX was
performed using ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± standard
deviation, n=6. ###P<0.001 vs. the control group;
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the model group.
BJRG, Biejia ruangan; GSH-PX, glutathione peroxidase; H, high; L,
low; MDA, malondialdehyde; PSP, Polygonatum sibiricum
polysaccharide; SOD, superoxide dismutase.

Figure 6

PSP-induced modulation of the
TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway exerts anti-liver fibrosis effects.
(A) The level of α-SMA in liver tissue by ELISA assay. mRNA
expression of (B) TGF-β1, (C) Smad3 and (D) Smad7 by reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR. (E) Representative western blotting
images, and protein expression levels of (F) TGF-β1, (G) Smad3 and
(H) Smad7. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation,
n=3. ###P<0.001 vs. the control group; *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. the model group. α-SMA, α-smooth
muscle actin; BJRG, Biejia ruangan; H, high; L, low; PSP,
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yuan Y, Liu X, Zhou T, Zhou Z, Gong M and Li Y: <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen. Mol Med Rep 32: 234, 2025.
APA
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., & Li, Y. (2025). <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 234. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13599
MLA
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., Li, Y."<em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.3 (2025): 234.
Chicago
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., Li, Y."<em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 3 (2025): 234. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13599
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yuan Y, Liu X, Zhou T, Zhou Z, Gong M and Li Y: <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen. Mol Med Rep 32: 234, 2025.
APA
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., & Li, Y. (2025). <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 234. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13599
MLA
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., Li, Y."<em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.3 (2025): 234.
Chicago
Yuan, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Z., Gong, M., Li, Y."<em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharide alleviates liver fibrosis through the TGF‑&beta;/Smad signaling pathway and reduces collagen". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 3 (2025): 234. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13599
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