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Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of Spata3 in mouse testis

  • Authors:
    • Li Fu
    • Baixu Zhou
    • Xia Jiang
    • Jingliang Cheng
    • Qiang Wu
    • Junjiang Fu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 255
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    Published online on: July 10, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13620
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Abstract

Male infertility predominantly manifests as abnormal spermatogenesis and maturation, abnormal semen quality, chromosomal abnormalities, and endocrine dysfunction. The present study aimed to explore the role, expression pattern and localization of spermatogenesis‑associated protein 3 (SPATA3) in the testis, and to analyze its spatiotemporal expression and function. Using previously acquired plasmids as templates, recombinant plasmids of different SPATA3 isoforms were constructed. Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. Reverse transcription‑PCR and western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Different SPATA3 isoforms were induced to be overexpressed, among which SPATA3‑I1 and SPATA3‑I2 promoted cell proliferation. The subcellular localization results indicated that the green fluorescent protein fusion proteins of various isoforms were mainly localized in the nucleus. However, the fluorescence of the fusion proteins pEGFP‑C3‑SPATA3‑I3 and pEGFP‑C3‑SPATA3‑I4 tended to be distributed in the cytoplasm, accompanied by a decrease in nuclear fluorescence. Additionally, the SPATA3‑I2 isoform protein displayed notable tissue‑specific expression in testes. Notably, the SPATA3‑I2 isoform protein was not expressed in embryos or during the early development stage of the mice, yet it was highly expressed in the testes of mice aged 23‑57 days (3‑8 weeks). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the SPATA3‑I2 isoform protein was located mainly in round and elongated spermatids within the spermatogenic epithelial cells. In conclusion, the findings highlighted that SPATA3 isoforms had differential subcellular localizations and that SPATA3‑I2 exhibited a specific spatiotemporal expression pattern, suggesting its association with spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.
View Figures

Figure 1

RT-PCR and western blotting results
for SPATA3 isoform expression in HeLa cells transfected with pcDNA5
or pEGFP-C3 vectors containing SPATA3 isoforms. (A) RT-PCR analysis
of SPATA3 isoform mRNA expression in HeLa transfected with pcDNA5
or pEGFP-C3 vectors containing SPATA3 isoforms. The green arrows
indicate the expression of SPATA3-I1, SPATA3-I2, SPATA3-I3 and
SPATA3-I4 mRNAs, and the corresponding fragment sizes are 552, 576,
418 and 418 bp, respectively. The pcDNA5 vector served as a
negative control. ACTB served as an internal control. (B) Western
blotting results of SPATA3 isoform protein expression in HeLa cells
transfected with pcDNA5 vectors containing SPATA3 isoforms. Hsp90
served as an internal control. Vector, overexpression of the empty
vector pcDNA5; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR; SPATA3,
spermatogenesis-associated protein 3; HSP90, heat shock protein
90.

Figure 2

SPATA3 promotes HeLa cell
proliferation in vitro. Relative proliferation rates of HeLa
cells transfected with pcDNA5-SPATA3-I1, pcDNA5-SPATA3-I2 or the
empty vector pcDNA5 at 48 h post-transfection. **P<0.01,
***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. SPATA3, spermatogenesis-associated
protein 3; NC, negative control.

Figure 3

Domains, families and other features
of SPATA3 isoforms. Schematic representation of domains, families
and features in (A) SPATA3-I1. (B) Schematic representation of
domains, families, and features in SPATA3-I2. (C) Transmembrane
topology prediction for SPATA3-I1 generated by TMHMM 2.0. (D)
Transmembrane topology prediction for SPATA3-I2 generated by TMHMM
2.0. (E) Schematic representation of domains, families, and
features in SPATA3-I3. (F) Schematic representation of domains,
families, and features in SPATA3-I4. (G) Transmembrane topology
prediction for SPATA3-I3 generated by TMHMM 2.0. (H) Transmembrane
topology prediction for SPATA3-I4 generated by TMHMM 2.0. SPATA3,
spermatogenesis-associated protein 3; Polar R, polar residues; Pro
R, pro residues; SP-TM, SignalP-TM; TMhelix, Transmembrane
Helix.

Figure 4

Subcellular localization of
overexpressed SPATA3 isoforms in HeLa cells. Cells overexpressing
the pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I1 isoform. (A) Hoechst 33258 staining. (B) GFP
signals for overexpression of pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I1 isoform; (C)
Merged images of Hoechst 33258 staining and GFP signals. Cells
overexpressing the pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I2 isoform. (D) Hoechst 33258
staining; (E) GFP signals for overexpression of pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I2
isoform; (F) Merged images of Hoechst 33258 staining and GFP
signals. (G-I) Cells overexpressing the pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I3 isoform.
(G) Hoechst 33258 staining; (H) GFP signals for overexpression of
pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I3 isoform; (I) Merged images of Hoechst 33258
staining and GFP signals. (J-L) Cells overexpressing the
pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I4 isoform. (J) Hoechst 33258 staining; (K) GFP
signals for overexpression of pEGFP-C3-SPATA3-I4 isoform; (L)
Merged images of Hoechst 33258 staining and GFP signals. Scale bar,
50 µm. (M) Quantitative analysis of the sub-cellular localization
of different SPATA3 isoforms. SPATA3, sperma to genesis-associated
protein 3.

Figure 5

Western blot analysis of
tissue-specific and stage-specific SPATA3 protein expression. (A)
SPATA3 protein expression in various tissues of BALB/c mice and (B)
semi-quantitative analysis. (C) SPATA3 protein expression in the
testicular tissue of BALB/c mice at different developmental stages
and (D) the associated semi-quantitative analysis. The arrow
indicates the SPATA3 protein. The asterisk indicates nonspecific
bands. SPATA3, spermatogenesis-associated protein 3.

Figure 6

Immunohistochemistry results of
spermatogenesis-associated protein 3 in the testes of BALB/c mice.
(A) General expression pattern in the testicular tissue of 2 - week
- old mice. (B) The images show a higher magnification of an area
within red boxes in the left images. (C) The images show a general
expression pattern in the testicular tissue of 8 - week - old mice.
(D) The images show a higher magnification of an area within red
boxes in the left images. (E) The images show a general expression
pattern in the testicular tissue of 8 - week - old mice. (F) The
images show a higher magnification of an area within red boxes in
the left images. (G) The images show a general expression pattern
in the testicular tissue of 19 - week - old mice. (H) The images
show a higher magnification of an area within red boxes in the left
images. The black arrows indicate spermatogonia, the green arrows
indicate spermatocytes, the yellow arrows indicate round spermatids
and the red arrow indicates elongated spermatids. Scale bar, 50 µm.
(B, D, F and H) Scale bar, 20 µm.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Fu L, Zhou B, Jiang X, Cheng J, Wu Q and Fu J: Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis. Mol Med Rep 32: 255, 2025.
APA
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., & Fu, J. (2025). Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 255. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13620
MLA
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., Fu, J."Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.3 (2025): 255.
Chicago
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., Fu, J."Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 3 (2025): 255. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13620
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fu L, Zhou B, Jiang X, Cheng J, Wu Q and Fu J: Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis. Mol Med Rep 32: 255, 2025.
APA
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., & Fu, J. (2025). Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 255. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13620
MLA
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., Fu, J."Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.3 (2025): 255.
Chicago
Fu, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., Fu, J."Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression pattern of <em>Spata3</em> in mouse testis". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 3 (2025): 255. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13620
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