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Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway

  • Authors:
    • Wenya Xu
    • Tian Xie
    • Bingli Zhang
    • Jie Zhao
    • Lei Zhang
    • Yamei Zheng
    • Yipeng Ding
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 262
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    Published online on: July 22, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13627
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Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by impaired gas exchange and respiratory difficulties, which can ultimately lead to respiratory failure and mortality. The present study explored the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of oxymatrine (OMT) in an 8‑week‑old C57BL/6 mouse model of bleomycin‑induced PF. The results demonstrated that OMT alleviated lung tissue damage, inflammation and collagen deposition, while promoting autophagy and restoring mitochondrial function. OMT achieved these effects by upregulating apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease‑1 (APE1) and activating the PTEN‑induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway, both of which are key for mitochondrial autophagy. Furthermore, Lewis lung carcinoma mouse lung cancer cells were transduced with an adeno-associated virus containing small interfering RNA APE1 and a negative control, and the silencing efficiency was validated by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results revealed a significant reduction in APE1 expression in the APE1 knockdown group compared with that in the negative control knockdown group. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confirmed that OMT increased the expression of APE1, PINK1 and Parkin while reducing markers of fibrosis, such as α‑smooth muscle actin and collagen type I α 1. However, silencing APE1 or inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy with mitochondrial division inhibitor‑1 reversed the beneficial effects of OMT, suggesting a key role for APE1 and the PINK1/Parkin pathway in its mechanism of action. These findings provide insights into the antifibrotic potential of OMT and highlight its potential as a basis for the development of new therapies for PF.
View Figures

Figure 1

OMT treatment reverses
bleomycin-induced PF. (A) Schematic diagram of the treatment
protocol. (B) H&E staining was used to observe and evaluate
lung tissue structure and morphology. (C) Masson's trichrome
staining was performed to assess PF. (D) TUNEL staining was used to
detect apoptosis. IHC staining was conducted to detect the
expression levels of (E) α-SMA and (F) COL1a1. Semi-quantitative
analysis of (G) H&E, (H) Masson's, (I) TUNEL, and IHC staining
of (J) α-SMA and (K) COL1a1. Scale bar, 100 µm. (G) Data are
presented as median and IQR, and statistical significance was
analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. (H-K) Data are presented as
the mean ± SD, and statistical significance was analyzed using
one-way ANOVA; n=6. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. The treatment
schematic was designed using Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com/). PF, pulmonary fibrosis;
OMT, oxymatrine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle
actin; COL1a1, collagen type I α 1; IHC, immunohistochemical.

Figure 2

OMT mitigates PF by activating the
APE1 and PINK1/Parkin pathways, and promoting autophagy and
mitochondrial function restoration. (A) RT-qPCR of the relative
expression of APE1 mRNA following APE1 silencing in
LLC cells. (B) Western blotting of the relative expression of APE1
protein following APE1 silencing in LLC cells. (C) IHC
staining of APE1, PINK1 and Parkin expression in the lung tissue of
C57BL/6 mice (scale bar, 100 µm). Semi-quantitative analysis of (D)
APE1, (E) PINK1 and (F) Parkin IHC staining. Data are presented as
the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way
ANOVA. ***P<0.001. OMT, oxymatrine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; APE1,
apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1;
KD, knockdown; mdivi-1 mitophagy inhibitor mitochondrial division
inhibitor-1, RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; LC-3,
microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; TOM20, outer
membrane translocase 20; NC, negative control; IHC,
immunohistochemical.

Figure 3

OMT regulates APE1 and
mitophagy-related proteins and promotes LC3/TOM20 colocalization.
(A) Western blotting of the relative expression levels of APE1,
PINK1 and Parkin proteins in the lung tissue of C57BL/6 mice.
Semi-quantitative analysis of (B) APE1, (C) PINK1 and (D) Parkin.
(E) Immunofluorescence analysis of LC-3 and TOM20 expression and
colocalization in the lung tissue of C57BL/6 mice (scale bar, 100
µm). (F) Percentage of the yellow fluorescent colocalization area
of LC-3 and TOM20. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical
significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA; n=6. **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. OMT, oxymatrine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; APE1,
apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1;
KD, knockdown; mdivi-1 mitophagy inhibitor mitochondrial division
inhibitor-1.

Figure 4

Silencing APE1 reverses the
antifibrotic effects of OMT on bleomycin-induced PF. (A) Schematic
diagram of the treatment protocol incorporating the OMT +
KD-APE1 intervention group. (B) H&E staining was used to
observe and evaluate lung tissue structure and morphology. (C)
Masson's trichrome staining was performed to assess PF. (D) TUNEL
staining was used to detect apoptosis. Immunohistochemical staining
was conducted to detect the expression levels of (E) α-SMA and (F)
COL1a1. Semi-quantitative analysis of (G) H&E, (H) Masson's,
(I) TUNEL, and IHC staining of (J) α-SMA and (K) COL1a1. Scale bar,
100 µm. (G) Data are presented as the median and IQR, and
statistical significance was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis
test. (H-K) Data are presented as the mean ± SD, and statistical
significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA; n=6. *P<0.05,
***P<0.001. The treatment schematic was designed using Figdraw
(https://www.figdraw.com/). PF,
pulmonary fibrosis; OMT, oxymatrine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; α-SMA,
α-smooth muscle actin; COL1a1, collagen type I α 1; KD, knockdown;
APE1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1; IHC,
immunohistochemical.

Figure 5

Mitochondrial autophagy inhibitors
reverse the effects of OMT against bleomycin-induced PF. (A)
Schematic diagram of the treatment protocol incorporating the OMT +
mdivi-1 intervention group. (B) H&E staining was used to
observe and evaluate lung tissue structure and morphology. (C)
Masson's trichrome staining was performed to assess PF. (D) TUNEL
staining was used to detect apoptosis. IHC staining was conducted
to detect the expression levels of (E) α-SMA and (F) COL1a1.
Semi-quantitative analysis of (G) H&E, (H) Masson's, (I) TUNEL,
and IHC staining of (J) α-SMA and (K) COL1a1. Scale bar, 100 µm.
(G) Data are presented as the median and IQR, and statistical
significance was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. (H-K) Data
are presented as the mean ± SD, statistical significance was
analyzed using one-way ANOVA; n=6. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. The
treatment schematic was designed using Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com/). PF, pulmonary fibrosis;
OMT, oxymatrine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle
actin; COL1a1, collagen type I a 1; KD, knockdown; APE1,
apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1; IHC, immunohistochemical.

Figure 6

Mechanism by which oxymatrine
alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by upregulating APE1, activating the
PINK1/Parkin pathway and promoting mitochondrial autophagy. The
mechanism diagram was self-designed by the authors using Figdraw
(https://www.figdraw.com/). α-SMA,
α-smooth muscle actin; COL1a1, collagen type I α 1; APE1,
apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase
1.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu W, Xie T, Zhang B, Zhao J, Zhang L, Zheng Y and Ding Y: Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Mol Med Rep 32: 262, 2025.
APA
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., & Ding, Y. (2025). Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 262. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13627
MLA
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y."Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.4 (2025): 262.
Chicago
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y."Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 4 (2025): 262. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13627
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu W, Xie T, Zhang B, Zhao J, Zhang L, Zheng Y and Ding Y: Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Mol Med Rep 32: 262, 2025.
APA
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., & Ding, Y. (2025). Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 262. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13627
MLA
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y."Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.4 (2025): 262.
Chicago
Xu, W., Xie, T., Zhang, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Ding, Y."Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 4 (2025): 262. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13627
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