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The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ruipu Zhang
    • Liang Zhang
    • Bin Tian
    • Yiqun Wang
    • Xin Kang
    • Jiang Zheng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Sports Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 23
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    Published online on: October 31, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13733
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Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic joint disorder with a notable global health burden, characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, abnormal bone remodeling and synovial inflammation. Traditional treatments mainly focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying disease mechanisms. The gut microbiome serves a potential role in OA through the gut‑bone‑cartilage axis. Notably, the gut microbiome and its metabolites can influence bone and cartilage homeostasis, and the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in OA pathogenesis. The present study comprehensively reviews the emerging evidence supporting the gut‑bone‑cartilage axis in OA and the role of microbial regulation of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling in joint remodeling. The current understanding of the influence of the gut microbiome on OA pathogenesis is summarized, discussing the mechanisms underlying the gut‑bone‑cartilage axis and exploring the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis. Future research should focus on developing targeted therapies that modulate the gut microbiome and the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, as well as exploring the potential of gene editing and carrier technologies for OA treatment.
View Figures

Figure 1

The gut-bone-cartilage triad.
Schematic representation of the gut-bone-cartilage triad,
illustrating the interactions between gut microbiota, bone and
cartilage in OA. This figure was generated by Figdraw (www.figdraw.com; ID no. TIAWO27ea2). OA,
osteoarthritis.

Figure 2

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in
OA. The dual role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in OA
exerts both protective and pathological effects. This figure was
generated by Figdraw (www.figdraw.com; ID no. YTOSUdf022). HDAC, histone
deacetylases; OA, osteoarthritis; SCFAs, short chain fatty
acids.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang R, Zhang L, Tian B, Wang Y, Kang X and Zheng J: The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 23, 2026.
APA
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., & Zheng, J. (2026). The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13733
MLA
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., Zheng, J."The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 23.
Chicago
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., Zheng, J."The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13733
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang R, Zhang L, Tian B, Wang Y, Kang X and Zheng J: The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 23, 2026.
APA
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., & Zheng, J. (2026). The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13733
MLA
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., Zheng, J."The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 23.
Chicago
Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Tian, B., Wang, Y., Kang, X., Zheng, J."The gut‑bone‑cartilage triad: Microbial regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in osteoarthritis joint remodeling (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13733
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