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TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation

  • Authors:
    • Pan Guo
    • Mengke Sun
    • Jingyu Zhang
    • Qianshu Yuan
    • Hong Cui
    • Junkai Huang
    • Jing Luo
    • Qianyu Zhu
    • Bingxin Zhang
    • Lizhi Hu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China, Department of Dermatology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 45
    |
    Published online on: November 20, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13755
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Abstract

Psoriasis is a systemic immune‑mediated skin disease, typically considered to be incurable. Identification of meaningful biomarkers has been a notable challenge in psoriasis prevention and management. The present study aimed to determine the signature genes driving psoriasis and their underlying mechanism. Microarray datasets of psoriasis were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the ‘limma’ R package. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed using the ‘clusterProfiler’ R tool. Functional and pathway enrichment of DEGs were analyzed using a bioinformatics website (Wei Sheng Xin). Furthermore, the present study applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, random forest and support vector machine‑recursive feature elimination techniques to pinpoint signature genes driving psoriasis. Subsequently, CIBERSORT was used to determine whether psoriasis‑infiltrating immune cells had a strong connection with signature genes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to demonstrate the expression of TGM1 in human psoriasis samples. Cell transfection was employed to verify the function of TGM1. The top 163 significant DEGs were identified from the GSE30999 dataset, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis illustrated that these genes were mostly involved in ‘viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor’, as well as the ‘IL‑17 signaling pathway’. The present study screened transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) as a signature gene by combining three machine learning algorithms. Through single‑gene GSEA, the present study further revealed that TGM1 was associated with ‘GF‑RTK‑PI3K signaling pathway’ and ‘cytokine‑JAK‑STAT signaling pathway’, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanism of psoriasis. Additionally, the present study validated TGM1 expression in the GSE53552 and GSE13355 datasets, and demonstrated its elevated expression in lesional psoriatic skin using IHC. Finally, TGM1 overexpression was demonstrated to increase the expression levels of inflammatory factors and keratinocyte differentiation markers, whereas knockdown decreased their expression, especially IL‑1β, S100A8, S100A9 and K1. Together, these findings suggest that TGM1 could be a promising therapeutic target for psoriasis, highlighting its potential application in psoriasis therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

DEG analysis in the GSE30999 dataset.
(A) Volcano plot showing the 1,845 DEGs with |FC|>2 and
P<0.05. (B) Results of screening of the top DEGs with
|log2FC|>3 for the following analysis shown as a
heatmap. DEGs, differentially expressed genes; FC, fold change;
NLS, non-lesional skin; LS, lesional skin; FDR, false discovery
rate.

Figure 2

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the
top 10,000 differentially expressed genes in the GSE30999 dataset.
(A) A total of four upregulated pathways were enriched in the
GSE30999 dataset. (B) A total of four significant downregulated
pathways were enriched in the GSE30999 dataset. (C) Ridgeline plots
of the four upregulated pathways and four downregulated pathways
enriched in the GSE30999 dataset. JAK, Janus kinase; ACTH,
adrenocorticotropic hormone; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated
protein 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PLCG,
phospholipase Cγ; ITPR, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; TSH,
thyroid-stimulating hormone; TG, thyroglobulin. RTK, receptor
tyrosine kinase; Pre-IC: Pre-Initiation Complex.

Figure 3

Functional analysis of the top 163
differentially expressed genes. (A) Top 10 GO biological process
terms. (B) Top 10 GO cellular component terms. (C) Top 10 GO
molecular function terms. (D) Cnetplot of the top 10 GO biological
process terms. (E) Cnetplot of the top 10 GO cellular component
terms. (F) Cnetplot of the top 10 GO molecular function terms. (G)
Dotplot of the top 10 KEGG pathways. (H) Cnetplot of KEGG pathways.
(I) Emapplot of interacting KEGG pathways. KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia
of Genes and Genomes pathways. GO, Gene Ontology.

Figure 4

Identification of biomarkers of
psoriasis based on machine learning algorithms. (A) Optimal
penalization coefficient λ in the LASSO model and (B) average
deviance values for each model with a given λ. (C) Association
between the total number of trees in the RF algorithm and the error
rates, and (D) the top 15 signature genes. (E) Error rate of the
curve after 5-fold cross-validation of SVM-RFE algorithm to select
the signature genes. Error rate predicted by the 29 genes is
0.0252. (F) Accuracy rate predicted by 29 genes was 0.975. (G) Venn
diagram of the biomarkers identified using LASSO, SVM-RFE and RF
algorithms. RF, random forest; SVM-RFE, support vector
machine-recursive feature elimination; LASSO, least absolute
shrinkage and selection operator; TGM1, transglutaminase 1, CV,
cross validation.

Figure 5

Identification of biomarkers of
psoriasis. (A) TGM1 and its connected genes in the protein-protein
interaction network constructed using 163 differentially expressed
genes with |log2(FC)|>3. (B) Box plot of TGM1
expression in LS and NLS tissues of patients with psoriasis. (C) A
receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to assess the
diagnosis relevance of TGM1 in psoriasis. LS, lesional skin; NLS,
non-lesional skin; AUC, area under the curve; TGM1,
transglutaminase 1.

Figure 6

Functional enrichment for TGM1 via
single-gene Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. (A) Up- and (B)
Downregulated signaling pathways involving TGM1. TGM1,
transglutaminase 1.

Figure 7

Validation of TGM1 expression in
validation datasets. Volcano plots showing the differentially
expressed genes in the (A) GSE53552 and (D) GSE13355 datasets based
on |FC|>2 and P<0.05. The dark red dot indicates TGM1.
Boxplots showing TGM1 expression in the LS and NLS of patients with
psoriasis in the (B) GSE53552 and (E) GSE13355 datasets. Receiver
operating characteristic curves of TGM1 in the (C) GSE53552 and (F)
GSE13355 datasets. NLS, non-lesional skin; LS, lesional skin; FC,
fold change; AUC, area under the curve; TGM1, transglutaminase
1.

Figure 8

TGM1 expression in psoriatic skin
validated by IHC. (A) H&E staining of skin tissues of healthy
controls and patients with psoriasis. (B) IHC of TGM1 protein in
skin tissues of healthy controls and patients with psoriasis. (C)
TGM1-positive cells in skin tissues of healthy controls and
patients with psoriasis. ***P<0.001 vs. healthy control. IHC,
immunohistochemistry; TGM1, transglutaminase 1.

Figure 9

Correlation of TGM1 expression with
infiltrating immune cells in psoriasis. (A) Expression of immune
cells between LS and NLS. (B) Correlation between 22 types of
infiltrating immune cells between LS and NLS. (C) Lollipop graph
showing the correlation between TGM1 expression and 22 types of
infiltrating immune cells in psoriasis. Scatter plots showing that
(D) eosinophils, (E) activated dendritic cells, (F) follicular T
helper cells and (G) resting mast cells were significantly
correlated with TGM1 expression. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001 vs. NLS. NLS, non-lesional skin;
ns, not significant; TGM1, transglutaminase 1; NK, natural killer;
abs, absolute; cor, correlation coefficient.

Figure 10

mRNA expression levels of
inflammatory cytokines and differentiation markers of keratinocytes
after TGM1 overexpression. TGM1 (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression
following sh-TGM1 treatment. (C) mRNA expression levels of
inflammatory factors IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23. mRNA expression
levels of (D) S100A8 and S100A9, as well as (E) K1, K6, K10, K16
and K17 after sh-TGM1 treatment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001. Neg, negative control; S100,
S100 calcium binding protein; K, keratin; TGM1, transglutaminase
1.

Figure 11

mRNA expression levels of
inflammatory cytokines and differentiation markers of keratinocytes
after TGM1 knockdown. TGM1 (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression
after si-TGM1 transfection. (C) mRNA expression levels of
inflammatory factors IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. mRNA expression levels
of (D) S100A8 and S100A9, as well as (E) K1, K6, K10, K16 and K17
following M5 stimulation after si-TGM1 transfection. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001 vs. si-Neg. si,
small interfering RNA; Neg, negative control; TGM1,
transglutaminase 1; S100, S100 calcium binding protein; K,
keratin.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Guo P, Sun M, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Cui H, Huang J, Luo J, Zhu Q, Zhang B, Hu L, Hu L, et al: TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation. Mol Med Rep 33: 45, 2026.
APA
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J. ... Hu, L. (2026). TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13755
MLA
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J., Luo, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, B., Hu, L."TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 45.
Chicago
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J., Luo, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, B., Hu, L."TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13755
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Guo P, Sun M, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Cui H, Huang J, Luo J, Zhu Q, Zhang B, Hu L, Hu L, et al: TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation. Mol Med Rep 33: 45, 2026.
APA
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J. ... Hu, L. (2026). TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13755
MLA
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J., Luo, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, B., Hu, L."TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 45.
Chicago
Guo, P., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, Q., Cui, H., Huang, J., Luo, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, B., Hu, L."TGM1 as a novel signature gene in psoriasis identified by integrative bioinformatics and experimental validation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13755
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