Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data1.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data2.pdf
Article Open Access

Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway

  • Authors:
    • Chih-Hsuan Hsia
    • Chun-Ming Yang
    • Chao-Chien Chang
    • Ting-Lin Yen
    • Arief Gunawan Darmanto
    • Chi-Chang Huang
    • Joen-Rong Sheu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C., Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Hsia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 48
    |
    Published online on: November 21, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13758
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Oxidative stress and macrophage migration contribute to chronic inflammation and resultant tissue damage. The nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway plays a key role in maintaining redox balance and modulating immune cell behavior. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a component of Gram‑positive bacterial membranes, activates macrophages and overproduces reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and aberrant macrophage migration. In the present study, the effects of glabridin (GBD), a flavonoid from licorice with antioxidant potential, on LTA‑mediated oxidative stress and alveolar macrophage migration were investigated. GBD pretreatment reduced intracellular ROS levels, as measured through 2',7'‑dichlorofluorescin diacetate and dihydroethidium staining. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 following GBD treatment. Western blotting demonstrated elevated expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target, heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1). Cotreatment with the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 attenuated GBD‑mediated Nrf2 activation and HO‑1 expression, suggesting involvement of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Functionally, GBD inhibited LTA‑induced macrophage migration, and this effect was attenuated by ML385 cotreatment. These findings demonstrate that GBD suppresses LTA‑induced macrophage migration, at least in part, through the Nrf2/HO‑1 signaling pathway, suggesting potential therapeutic relevance in inflammatory lung diseases.
View Figures

Figure 1

GBD reduces LTA-induced ROS
production in MH-S cells. (A) Chemical structure of GBD. (B) MTT
assay of cell viability. Cells were pretreated with various
concentrations of GBD (10, 20 and 40 µM) or 0.1% DMSO for 30 min
and then stimulated with LTA (10 µg/ml) for 24 h. (C)
Representative fluorescence images and quantification of DHE
staining in MH-S cells. (D) Representative fluorescence images and
quantification of DCFDA staining. Cells were pretreated with GBD
(20 µM) for 1 h and then stimulated with LTA (10 µg/ml) for 30 min.
Experimental groups for C and D: CTRL, DMSO+LTA, and GBD+LTA. Scale
bar, 50 µm. Data are presented as means±SD (n=4). ***P<0.001 vs.
DMSO; ##P<0.01, and ###P<0.001 vs.
DMSO+LTA. GBD glabridin; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; ROS, reactive
oxygen species; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DHE, dihydroethidium
staining; DCFDA. 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

GBD activates Nrf2 signaling in
response to LTA. MH-S cells were pretreated with GBD for 30 min and
then stimulated with LTA. (A) Confocal images indicating Nrf2
nuclear translocation 3 h poststimulation. Scale bar, 50 µm. (B)
Time-course of Nrf2 mRNA expression after LTA stimulation (0, 2, 4,
6, and 8 h). (C) Nrf2 mRNA expression was determined through
reverse transcription-quantitative PCR 2 h poststimulation, as
described in the materials and methods section. (D) Western blot
analysis of Nrf2 protein levels 3 h after LTA stimulation. Data are
presented as means±SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001
vs. 0 h or DMSO; ##P<0.01 and
###P<0.001 vs. DMSO+LTA. GBD glabridin; Nrf2, nuclear
factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; DMSO,
dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 5

GBD increases HO-1 expression through
Nrf2 signaling under LTA challenge. MH-S cells were pretreated with
GBD for 30 min and then stimulated with LTA. (A) Confocal images of
HO-1 expression 6 h poststimulation. Scale bar, 50 µm. (B)
Time-course of HO-1 mRNA expression after LTA stimulation (0, 2, 4,
6, and 8 h). (C) HO-1 mRNA expression was determined by reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR. (D) HO-1 protein expression
analyzed through western blotting 6 h poststimulation. Data are
presented as means±SD (n=4). *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 vs. 0 h
or DMSO; ###P<0.001 vs. DMSO+LTA. GBD glabridin;
HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related
factor 2; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 6

ML385 inhibits GBD-induced Nrf2
activation in LTA-stimulated MH-S cells. MH-S cells were pretreated
with DMSO (0.1%), GBD (20 µM), or ML385 (5 µM) for 30 min and then
stimulated with LTA. (A) Confocal microscopy of Nrf2 nuclear
localization 3 h poststimulation. Scale bar, 10 µm. (B)
Quantification of Nrf2 nuclear accumulation based on nuclear mean
fluorescence intensity. (C) Nrf2 mRNA expression 2 h
poststimulation, analyzed through reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR. Data are presented as means ± SD.
***P<0.001 vs. DMSO+LTA; ##P<0.01 vs. GBD+LTA;
††P<0.01 and †††P<0.001 vs. ML385+LTA.
GBD glabridin; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;
LTA, lipoteichoic acid; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 7

Pharmacological and genetic
inhibition of Nrf2 attenuates GBD-induced HO-1 expression. MH-S
cells were pretreated with the indicated compounds for 30 min and
then stimulated with LTA. (A) Immunofluorescence analysis of HO-1
expression 6 h poststimulation. Scale bar, 10 µm. (B)
Immunofluorescence image evaluation of HO-1 mean fluorescence
intensity. (C) HO-1 mRNA expression 6 h poststimulation, determined
through RT-qPCR. (D and E) Effect of Nrf2 knockdown on GBD-induced
HO-1 expression. MH-S cells were transfected with control siRNA
(siNC) or Nrf2 siRNA (siNrf2) for 6 h, followed by the indicated
treatments. HO-1 mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Data are
presented as means ± SD. ***P<0.001 vs. DMSO+LTA (B-C) or
si-Ctrl+DMSO (D and E); ##P<0.01 and
###P<0.001 vs. GBD+LTA (B-C) or si-Ctrl+DMSO+LTA (E);
††P<0.01 and †††P<0.001 vs. ML385+LTA
(B-C) or si-Ctrl+GBD+LTA (E). Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid
2-related factor 2; GBD, glabridin; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; HO-1,
heme oxygenase-1; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR;
si, short interfering; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 8

GBD inhibits LTA-induced macrophage
migration through Nrf2 activation. MH-S cells were pretreated with
the indicated compounds for 30 min and then stimulated with LTA.
(A) Representative wound healing images 0, 6, and 24 h after LTA
stimulation. (B) Quantification of wound closure. (C)
Representative images of Transwell migration at 6 h and 24 h after
LTA stimulation. Migrated cells on the lower surface of the
membrane were fixed, stained with crystal violet and images
captured under an inverted light microscope. Scale bar, 200 µm. (D)
Quantification of migrated cells. Data are presented as means ± SD.
***P<0.001 vs. DMSO; ###P<0.001 vs. DMSO+LTA;
†P<0.05, ††P<0.01 and
†††P<0.001 vs. GBD+LTA; ‡‡P<0.01 vs.
ML385+LTA. GBD, glabridin; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; Nrf2, nuclear
factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 9

Schematic of GBD-induced modulation
of macrophage migration in vitro. Upon LTA stimulation, MH-S
cells increase ROS production, activating Nrf2 and upregulating
HO-1. GBD thus modulateS cell migration by increasing Nrf2 nuclear
translocation and HO-1 expression. GBD, glabridin; LTA,
lipoteichoic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nrf2, nuclear
factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1.
View References

1 

Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, Takeda K and Akira S: Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity. 11:443–451. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Pai AB, Patel H, Prokopienko AJ, Alsaffar H, Gertzberg N, Neumann P, Punjabi A and Johnson A: Lipoteichoic acid from staphylococcus aureus induces lung endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. PLoS One. 7:e492092012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Percy MG and Gründling A: Lipoteichoic acid synthesis and function in gram-positive bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 68:81–100. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Hussell T and Bell TJ: Alveolar macrophages: Plasticity in a tissue-specific context. Nat Rev Immunol. 14:81–93. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Boyd AR, Shivshankar P, Jiang S, Berton MT and Orihuela CJ: Age-related defects in TLR2 signaling diminish the cytokine response by alveolar macrophages during murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Exp Gerontol. 47:507–518. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liu CF, Drocourt D, Puzo G, Wang JY and Riviere M: Innate immune response of alveolar macrophage to house dust mite allergen is mediated through TLR2/-4 co-activation. PLoS One. 8:e759832013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Aggarwal S, Dimitropoulou C, Lu Q, Black SM and Sharma S: Glutathione supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Front Physiol. 3:1612012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S and Kalayci O: Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 5:9–19. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Malainou C, Abdin SM, Lachmann N, Matt U and Herold S: Alveolar macrophages in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and infection: Evolving concepts of therapeutic targeting. J Clin Invest. 133:e1705012023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Harvey CJ, Thimmulappa RK, Sethi S, Kong X, Yarmus L, Brown RH, Feller-Kopman D, Wise R and Biswal S: Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med. 3:78ra322011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Itoh K, Chiba T, Takahashi S, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Katoh Y, Oyake T, Hayashi N, Satoh K, Hatayama I, et al: An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 236:313–322. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ma Q: Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 53:401–426. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Engel JD and Yamamoto M: Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes Dev. 13:76–86. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Ryter SW, Alam J and Choi AM: Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: From basic science to therapeutic applications. Physiol Rev. 86:583–650. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Meng X, Hu L and Li W: Baicalin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via the activation of the Nrf2-mediated HO-1 signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 392:1421–1433. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Luan R, Ding D and Yang J: The protective effect of natural medicines against excessive inflammation and oxidative stress in acute lung injury by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol. 13:10390222022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Shin J, Choi LS, Jeon HJ, Lee HM, Kim SH, Kim KW, Ko W, Oh H and Park HS: Synthetic glabridin derivatives inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages. Molecules. 28:21352023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Shu L, Zhang Z, Wang N, Yin Q, Chao Y and Ge X: Glabridin ameliorates hemorrhagic shock induced acute kidney injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1871:1678102025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Murrey MW, Ng IT and Pixley FJ: The role of macrophage migratory behavior in development, homeostasis and tumor invasion. Front Immunol. 15:14800842024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Rodriguez-Morales P and Franklin RA: Macrophage phenotypes and functions: Resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis. Trends Immunol. 44:986–998. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tran N and Mills EL: Redox regulation of macrophages. Redox Biol. 72:1031232024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Breßer M, Siemens KD, Schneider L, Lunnebach JE, Leven P, Glowka TR, Oberländer K, De Domenico E, Schultze JL, Schmidt J, et al: Macrophage-induced enteric neurodegeneration leads to motility impairment during gut inflammation. EMBO Mol Med. 17:301–335. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Gatica S, Fuentes B, Rivera-Asin E, Ramírez-Céspedes P, Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Catalán EA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Simon F, Riedel CA and Melo-Gonzalez F: Novel evidence on sepsis-inducing pathogens: From laboratory to bedside. Front Microbiol. 14:11982002023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

He J, Zhao Y, Fu Z, Chen L, Hu K, Lin X, Wang N, Huang W, Xu Q, He S, et al: A novel tree shrew model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Adv Res. 56:157–165. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Zhang Y, Han Z, Jiang A, Wu D, Li S, Liu Z, Wei Z, Yang Z and Guo C: Protective effects of pterostilbene on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting NF-κB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol. 11:5918362021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Knapp S, von Aulock S, Leendertse M, Haslinger I, Draing C, Golenbock DT and van der Poll T: Lipoteichoic acid-induced lung inflammation depends on TLR2 and the concerted action of TLR4 and the platelet-activating factor receptor. J Immunol. 180:3478–3484. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hoogerwerf JJ, de Vos AF, Bresser P, van der Zee JS, Pater JM, de Boer A, Tanck M, Lundell DL, Her-Jenh C, Draing C, et al: Lung inflammation induced by lipoteichoic acid or lipopolysaccharide in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 178:34–41. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hou F, Xiao K, Tang L and Xie L: Diversity of macrophages in lung homeostasis and diseases. Front Immunol. 12:7539402021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Guilliams M, De Kleer I, Henri S, Post S, Vanhoutte L, De Prijck S, Deswarte K, Malissen B, Hammad H and Lambrecht BN: Alveolar macrophages develop from fetal monocytes that differentiate into long-lived cells in the first week of life via GM-CSF. J Exp Med. 210:1977–1992. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Röszer T: Understanding the biology of self-renewing macrophages. Cells. 7:1032018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Guan F, Wang R, Yi Z, Luo P, Liu W, Xie Y, Liu Z, Xia Z, Zhang H and Cheng Q: Tissue macrophages: Origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 10:932025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Ahmad S, Nasser W and Ahmad A: Epigenetic mechanisms of alveolar macrophage activation in chemical-induced acute lung injury. Front Immunol. 15:14889132024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Mbawuike IN and Herscowitz HB: MH-S, a murine alveolar macrophage cell line: Morphological, cytochemical, and functional characteristics. J Leukoc Biol. 46:119–127. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Loboda A, Damulewicz M, Pyza E, Jozkowicz A and Dulak J: Role of Nrf2/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: An evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 73:3221–3247. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Li N, Hao L, Li S, Deng J, Yu F, Zhang J, Nie A and Hu X: The NRF-2/HO-1 signaling pathway: A promising therapeutic target for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Inflamm Res. 17:8061–8083. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Su H, Wang Z, Zhou L, Liu D and Zhang N: Regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis by mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles: Implications for disease treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol. 12:13979542024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

O'Rourke SA, Shanley LC and Dunne A: The Nrf2-HO-1 system and inflammaging. Front Immunol. 15:14570102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Alam J and Cook JL: How many transcription factors does it take to turn on the heme oxygenase-1 gene? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 36:166–174. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Vijayan V, Wagener FADTG and Immenschuh S: The macrophage heme-heme oxygenase-1 system and its role in inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol. 153:159–167. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Wang L and He C: Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis. Front Immunol. 13:9671932022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Feng R, Morine Y, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Iwahashi S, Saito Y and Shimada M: Nrf2 activation drive macrophages polarization and cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition during interaction. Cell Commun Signal. 16:542018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Han H, Gao Y, Chen B, Xu H, Shi C, Wang X, Liang Y, Wu Z, Wang Z, Bai Y and Wu C: Nrf2 inhibits M1 macrophage polarization to ameliorate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through antagonizing NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol. 143:1133102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Jagadeesh ASV, Fang X, Kim SH, Guillen-Quispe YN, Zheng J, Surh YJ and Kim SJ: Non-canonical vs. canonical functions of heme oxygenase-1 in cancer. J Cancer Prev. 27:7–15. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Freitas A, Alves-Filho JC, Secco DD, Neto AF, Ferreira SH, Barja-Fidalgo C and Cunha FQ: Heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide-biliverdin pathway down regulates neutrophil rolling, adhesion and migration in acute inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 149:345–354. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Cheng P, Li S and Chen H: Macrophages in lung injury, repair, and fibrosis. Cells. 10:4362021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L and Duo Y: Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:2072023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Ngo V and Duennwald ML: Nrf2 and oxidative stress: A general overview of mechanisms and implications in human disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 11:23452022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Matthay MA and Zemans RL: The acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol. 6:147–163. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Barnes PJ: Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 138:16–27. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Gordon S and Plüddemann A: Macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells: A critical assessment. Front Immunol. 9:1272018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Wynn TA and Vannella KM: Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 44:450–462. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Gordon S, Plüddemann A and Martinez Estrada F: Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: Phenotypic diversity and functions. Immunol Rev. 262:36–55. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Mantovani A, Biswas SK, Galdiero MR, Sica A and Locati M: Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling. J Pathol. 229:176–185. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Murray PJ, Allen JE, Biswas SK, Fisher EA, Gilroy DW, Goerdt S, Gordon S, Hamilton JA, Ivashkiv LB, Lawrence T, et al: Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity. 41:14–20. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Auffray C, Fogg D, Garfa M, Elain G, Join-Lambert O, Kayal S, Sarnacki S, Cumano A, Lauvau G and Geissmann F: Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior. Science. 317:666–670. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Lawrence T and Natoli G: Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: Enabling diversity with identity. Nat Rev Immunol. 11:750–761. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Xie L, Diao Z, Xia J, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wu Y, Liu Z, Jiang C, Peng Y, Song Z, et al: Comprehensive evaluation of metabolism and the contribution of the hepatic first-pass effect in the bioavailability of glabridin in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 71:1944–1956. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hsia C, Yang C, Chang C, Yen T, Darmanto A, Huang C and Sheu J: Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 33: 48, 2026.
APA
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., & Sheu, J. (2026). Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 48. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13758
MLA
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., Sheu, J."Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 48.
Chicago
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., Sheu, J."Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 48. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13758
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hsia C, Yang C, Chang C, Yen T, Darmanto A, Huang C and Sheu J: Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 33: 48, 2026.
APA
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., & Sheu, J. (2026). Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 48. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13758
MLA
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., Sheu, J."Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.1 (2026): 48.
Chicago
Hsia, C., Yang, C., Chang, C., Yen, T., Darmanto, A., Huang, C., Sheu, J."Glabridin attenuates LTA‑induced alveolar macrophage migration via activation of the Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 1 (2026): 48. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13758
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team